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H<14heading 1heading 1&         CF  US     '  H<14heading 2heading 2&         CF  US     '  H4heading 3heading 3&    W\  `*Times New RomanTTW     CF  US     XXXWVi `*Times New RomanTTW'  \  `*Times New RomanTTH4heading 4heading 4&    WVi `*Times New RomanTTW     CF  US     XXXWVi `*Times New RomanTTW'  H4heading 5heading 5  WVi `*Times New RomanTTW     CF  US     XXXWVi `*Times New RomanTTWH4heading 6heading 6  &&&W\  `*Times New RomanTTW     CF  US     XXXWVi `*Times New RomanTTWH4heading 7heading 7  C %2A`ArialTTC     CF  US     XXXWVi `*Times New RomanTTW%2A`ArialTTH4heading 8heading 8  C %2A`ArialTTC     CF  US     XXXWVi `*Times New RomanTTWH4heading 9heading 9  C %2A`ArialTTC     CF    US     XXXWVi `*Times New RomanTTWh:Default ParaDefault Paragraph Font        4*ListList  &&&W\  `*Times New RomanTTW     CF  US     XXXWVi `*Times New RomanTTW<D`.footerfooter   '$     CF  US     >4X` hp x (#>P8page numberpage number        <D`.headerheader   '$     CF  US     >4X` hp x (#>T:endnote textendnote text  W\  `*Times New RomanTTW     CF  US     XXXWVi `*Times New RomanTTW^:endnote refeendnote reference        H-"4Body TextBody Text       CF  US     V:footnote texfootnote text  W\  `*Times New RomanTTW     CF  US     XXXWVi `*Times New RomanTTW`:footnote reffootnote reference        D-"2citationcitation       UK  US       !'XXXXXX        ]   '$XӀ  USUS.,    H4X` hp x (#'$H  ]  ?+ % s ]G1!X?(}2!$ )!XXXXXX        'dxd Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5(}2!$ )!XXXXXX        ($    (}2!$ )!XXXXXX        ! C<< c  !'XXXXXX        ]   '$XӀ  USUS.,    H4X` hp x (#'$H  ]  ?+ % s ]G1!X? L %!)XXXXXX          ! '$X!    CFUS.,  ]  ! '$'$!Ӏ  %US.,CF,.     X'$  ]  ?+ % s ]G1!X?(}2!$ )!XXXXXX          N  N (!$       u )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,          a  s      USCF,.IwouldliketothankparticipantsattheconferenceonComparativePerspectivesonNationalcollectivitiesand  Citizenship,organizedbytheInstitutderecherchesurlespopulations(IREP)inNovember1996,forreactionstoearlierversionsofpartsofthispaper.IalsowanttoexpressmythankstoGeraldFriesen,withwhomIhadlongandverypleasantconversationsaboutthepresentinquiryduringhisvisitatMcGillUniversityintheFallof1996.MycolleagueFernandeRoyalsofavouredmewithherinsightfulcommentsonthefirstphaseofthisproject.CFUS., d !!"XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  N  N   )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?USUS.,        XX    CFUS.,          1        USCF,.ԀSeeBerger,TheSenseofPower(Toronto:UniversityofTorontoPress,1970);MaryVipond,"NationalCon  sciousnessinEnglishSpeakingCanadainthe1920's:sevenessays,"Ph.D.thesis,UniversityofToronto,1974;RaymondBreton, FromEthnictoCivicNationalism:EnglishCanadaandQuebec,EthnicandRacialStudies, v vol.11,no1,(January1988):85102;PhilipResnick,"EnglishCanada:TheNationthatDaresNotSpeakItsNa 1 me",inKennethMcRoberts,ed.,BeyondQuebec:TakingStockofCanada(Montreal:McGillQueen'sUniversity  Press,1995),84.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  2  s      USCF,.ԀTheterm"Canadian"referstotheEnglishlanguageCanadiancommunicationalcommunity.Seedefinitionsbe  low.CFUS.,  !'XXXXXX        }"G73z 0 @ H@E mm m}   O"O"]   {#{#   '$XӀ   {#{#  USUS.,    H4X` hp x (#'$H  ]  ?+ % s ]G1!X? < )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  3  s      USCF,.ԀWilliamR.Young,"MakingtheTruthGraphic:TheCanadianGovernment'sHomeFrontInformationStructure  andProgrammesduringWorldWarII"(Ph.D.thesis,UniversityofBritishColumbia,1978).CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  4  s      USCF,.ԀL'identitfragmente(Montreal:Fides,1996).CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  5  s      USCF,.ԀPaulLitt,TheMuses,theMasses,andtheMasseyCommission(Toronto:UniversityofTorontoPress,1992).CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  6  s      USCF,.ԀSeeCharlesTaylor,"SharedandDivergentValues,"inReconcilingtheSolitudes:EssaysonCanadianFederal N ismandNationalism(Montreal/Kingston:McGillQueen'sUniversityPress,1995),168169;MargaretAtwood,   Survival:AThematicGuidetoCanadianLiterature(Toronto:Anansi,1972).CFUS., B )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  7  s      USCF,.ԀSeeT.H.Marshall,CitizenshipandSocialClass,andOtherEssays(Cambridge:UniversityPress,1950);Liah N Greenfeld,FiveRoadstoModernity(Cambridge:HarvardUniversityPress,1992).CFUS., & )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  8  s      ݀USCF,.SeeCFUS.,ԀSylvieLacombe,"Raceetlibert:l'individualismepolitiqueauCanada,18961920,"USCF,.(Ph.D.thesisCFUS.,,Universi N tdeParisV,1993). l )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  9  s      USCF,.ԀItwouldbefascinatingtospeculateastowhytherehasbeensuchinterestamongCanadianhistoriansforthese N otherformsofcollectiveidentificationwhilenationalidentityremainspracticallyunexploredterritoryasafieldofresearch.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  10  s      ݀USCF,.CharlesTilly,"Citizenship,IdentityandSocialHistory,"InternationalReviewofSocialHistory40,Supplement N 3(1995),56.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  11  s      USCF,.ԀSeeJosephLevitt,"RaceandNationinCanadianAnglophoneHistoriography,"CanadianReviewofStudiesin N Nationalism,VIII,1(Spring1981):116,foranexaminationofthewritingsofsomemajorCanadianhistoriansof   thefirsthalfofthiscentury.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  12  s      USCF,.ԀSeethethirdedition,Toronto:McGrawHillRyerson,1990.Theuseof'nation'inthesenseof'state'occurson N p.4:"ThenewstatecreatedbytheBritishNorthAmericaActwasbornonJuly1,1867.8Notallinhabitantsofthenewnationsupporteditscreation."(Formally,thefirststatementiserroneous:whatwascreatedin1867wasanewarrangementforthegovernanceofBritain'sNorthAmericancolonies,notanewstate.)Differentmeanings 1  occuronp.7:"In1838,followingtherebellionsofthepreviousyear,LordDurhamwrotethathehadfoundtwonationswarringinthebosomofasinglestate.Sixtyyearslater,thatsituationhadchangedlittle.8Ifthenationstillremainedundefinedin1896,thestatehadcometofulfillthefunctionplannedforitin1964."CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  13  s      USCF,.SeeforinstanceVeronicaStrongBoag,"ContestedSpace:ThePoliticsofCanadianMemory,"Journalofthe N CanadianHistoricalAssociation,newseries,5(1994??US.,)US??, :56.Itisrevealingthatahistorianwhodefinesherselfas   "bothafeministandanationalist"doesnotincludethequestionofnationalidentityaspartofthe'contestedspace'shedefinesasworthyofinvestigation.Sheseemstoequatetheissueofnationalismwitholdstylepoliticalhistory.CFUS., ! )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  14  s      ݀USCF,.SeePhillipBuckner,"WhateverhappenedtotheBritishEmpire?"JournaloftheCanadianHistorical N Association,newseries,4(1993):2123,31,onthispoint.CFUS., b )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  15  s      USCF,.AnexaminationofquestionsaskedbytheCanadianInstituteforPublicOpinion(Gallup)andotherpolling N organizationsrevealsthatquestionsareusuallyconcretelylinkedtocurrentissuesandareseldomphrasedinageneralway.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  16  s      ݀USCF,.Theyarealways,ofcourse,rhetorical.CFUS., , )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  17  s      USCF,.ԀGeraldFriesenhasexaminedthevariousrepresentationsofcollectiveidentitytobefoundaroundthesportof N hockeyinapapergivenatMcGillUniversityintheFallof1996.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  18  s      ݀USCF,.RichardDouglasWilson,"AninquiryintotheinterpretationofCanadianhistoryintheelementaryandsecond N aryschoolstextbooksofEnglishandFrenchCanada"(M.A.thesis,McGillUniversity,1967);EdisonQuick,"TheDevelopmentofGeographyandHistoryCurriculaintheElementarySchoolsofOntario18461966"(Ph.D.thesis,UniversityofToronto,1967);PenneyIreneClark,"'TakeItAway,Youth!':VisionsofCanadianIdentityinBritishColumbiaSocialHistoryTextbooks,19251989"(Ph.D.thesis,UniversityofBritishColumbia,1995).CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  19  s      ݀USCF,.TheCanadianInstituteofPublicOpinion[Gallup]pollsavailableforthispurposedatefromthemid1950s.CFUS., ; )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  20  s      USCF,.ԀWilliamR.Young,"BuildingCitizenship:EnglishCanadaandPropagandaduringtheSecondWar,",Journalof N CanadianStudies,16,34(FallWinter1981):121132.Quotationisfromp.122.CFUS., 7 )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  21  s      ݀Ibid.,124.USCF,.SeealsoLeslieA.Pal,"Identity,citizenship,andmobilization:TheNationalitiesBranchandWord N WarTwo,"CanadianPublicAdministration,32,3(Fall1989):407426.CFUS., D )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  22  s      ݀WUSCF,..R.Young,"MakingtheTruthGraphic:TheCanadianGovernment'sHomeFrontInformationStructureand N ProgrammesduringWorldWarII"(Ph.D.dissertation,UniversityofBritishColumbia,1978),ch.2.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  23  s      USCF,.ԀKathrynDoddandPhilipDodd,"EngenderingtheNation:BritishDocumentaryFilm,19301939,"inAndrew N Higson,ed.,DissolvingViews:KeyWritingsonBritishCinema(London:Cassell,1996),39.IamgratefultoGer   aldFriesenforthisreference.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  24  s      USCF,.ԀYoung,"MakingtheTruthGraphic."Forlinkswiththekindredspiritsintheadulteducationmovement,see N GordonSelman,CitizenshipandtheAdultEducationMovementinCanada(Vancouver/Toronto:CenterforCon   tinuingEducation,UniversityofBritishColumbia/InternationalCouncilforAdultEducation,1991),ch.3;MichaelR.Welton,"'AnAuthenticInstrumentoftheDemocraticProcess':theintellectualoriginsoftheCanadianCitizens'Forum",StudiesintheEducationofAdults,18,1(1986):3549,especially4243.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  25  s      USCF,.ԀYoung,"BuildingCitizenship,"125.PaulMartinentitledhisaccountoftheoriginsofCanada'sfirstCitizenship N Act,in1946,"CitizenshipandthePeople'sWorld."ItappearedinWilliamKaplan,ed..,Belonging:TheMeaning   andFutureofCanadianCitizenship(Montreal/Kingston:McGillQueen'sUniversityPress,1993),6478.CFUS., z )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  26  s      ݀USCF,.Young,ibid.,130.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  27  s      ݀USCF,.Theywereexercisedbyaclauseinthebillwhichrequiredfiveyears'residencyinCanadaforBritishsubjects N fromotherpartsoftheCommonwealthtobecomeCanadiancitizens,thoughexistinglegislationgaveBritishsubjects,nomatterwheretheywereborn,therighttovoteinCanadianelectionsafteroneyear'sresidencyinthecountry.CFUS., A )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  28  s      ݀USCF,.Martinindicatedin1993thathepersonallywouldhavefavourednotincludingthestatementthatCanadians N wereBritishsubjects,as"itleftCanadawithamarkofinferiority"(Martin,ibid.,74).CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  29  s      USCF,.ԀJohnG.Diefenbaker,DebatesoftheHouseofCommons,1946,2April1946,514;C.C.I.Merritt,ibid.,11April N 1946,795.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  30  s      USCF,.ԀG.R.Pearkes,ibid.,9April1946,702;D.M.Fleming,ibid.,30April1946,1061.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  31  s      USCF,.ԀFleming,ibid.,9April1946,691.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  32  s      USCF,.ԀPearkes,ibid.,9April1946,704.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  33  s      USCF,.ԀFleming;ibid.,9April1946,687,692;Cockeram,ibid.,9April1946,6956.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  34  s      USCF,.ԀIbid.,21March1946,131;5April1946,598.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  35  s      USCF,.Ԁ"WhatsInaName?",GlobeandMail,8April1946,6.AllGlobeeditorialscitedhereafterappearedonp.6.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  36  s      ݀USCF,."YoungMeninaHurry,"OttawaCitizen,16April1946,8.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  37  s      ݀USCF,.SomeFrenchCanadianmembersoftheLiberalpartyalsoputforwardsuchaview.SeedouardRinfret,House N ofCommons,5April1946,596.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  38  s      USCF,.G.H.Castleden,ibid.,8April1946,7201.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  39  s      USCF,.ԀR.R.Knight,ibid.,20April1946,1003.CFUS., z )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  40  s      USCF,.Ԁ13April1946,17.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  41  s      USCF,.Martin,HouseofCommons,29April1946,1015.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  42  s      USCF,.ԀThisdivisionwasalsoevidentinthecivilservice.PaulMartinhadtorequesttheservicesofGordonRobertson, N thenattachedtothePrimeMinister'soffice,becausehisowndeputyminister,"whobelongedtotheoldschoolofempire,"wasopposedtotheideaofaCanadiancitizenship(Martin,"Citizenship,"68).CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  43    43  s      USCF,.ԀNationalArchivesofCanada,MG31E87,vol.2,File27,GordonRobertson,"CanadianCitizenshipAct N NotesonSections,'14November1945,38;ibid.,20April1945,R.G.R./L.F.,MemorandumforPaulMartinre:themeaningofBritishsubject.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  44  s      USCF,.ԀMartin,"Citizenship,"74.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  45  s      ݀USCF,.AbroaderexaminationofnewspaperopinionabouttheCitizenshipActof1946revealedthatonlytheWinnipeg N FreePressadheredtoa'civic'definitionofcitizenship,butitswriterstookpaintoexplainthatBritishsubjects   wouldcontinuetobefavouredbytheAct.SeetheseriesofarticlesbyGrantDexter,2227March1946,whichseemtohavebeeninspiredbyPaulMartin.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  46  s      USCF,."TheStreamFlowsSwiftly,"1July1947.CFUS.,biracial  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  47  s      USCF,.Ԁ"Welcome!,"23May1946.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  48  s      USCF,.Ԁ"VictoriaDay,"24May1946.CFUS., E )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,          49  s      USCF,.Ԁ"ACommonwealthDay,"24May1946.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?USUS.,        XX    CFUS.,        USCF,.  50        ݀"ACanadianTradition,"24May1952.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  51  s      USCF,.Ԁ"FutileandStupid,"23May1952.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  52  s      USCF,.Ԁ"VictoriaDay,"23May1955.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  53  s      USCF,.Ԁ"DayOff,"21May1956.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  54  s      USCF,.Ԁ"ElizabethDay?,"19May1958.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  55  s      USCF,.Ԁ"What'sinaName?,"8April1946.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  56  s      "USCF,.LetsKeepDominionDay.FromtheFrontPageofSaturdayNight,"12April1946.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  57  s      USCF,.Ԁ"VictoriaDay,"24May1946.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  58  s      USCF,.Ԁ"ACommonwealthDay,"24May1947;"VictorianHeritage,"20May1957.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  59  s      USCF,.Ԁ"TwoBirthdays,"1July1946[ConfederationDayandthecentenaryofHamilton].CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  60  s      USCF,.Ԁ"TheStreamFlowsSwiftly,"1July1947.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  61  s      USCF,.Ԁ"DominionDay,"1July1948;"Canada,OurCountry,"1July1951.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  62  s      USCF,.Ԁ"ACommonwealthDay,"24May1949.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  63  s      USCF,.ԀArthurIrwin,"TheCanadian,"1February1950,20,32,3435.Quotationisfromp.34,35.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  64  s      USCF,.Ԁ"TwoWindowsontheWorld,"Maclean's,1October1948,p.2;"ALessonfortheCBC,"1March1950,2.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  65  s      USCF,.Ԁ"LookHowFarWe'veCome!AndInJust84Years,"1July1950,1.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  66  s      USCF,.Ԁ"Let'sCallit'ConfederationDay',"9July1955,2.CFUS., " )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  67  s      ݀USCF,.PersonnelAdministrationinthePublicService:AReviewofCivilServiceLegislationbytheCivilService N CommissionofCanada(Ottawa:Queen'sPrinter,1959).CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  68  s      USCF,.Ԁ"It'sEnglishCanadians'ownfaultif'bilingual'meansFrenchCanadian,"14February1959,4.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  69  s      USCF,.Ԁ"Let'sstopboastingofnationalunityandstartworkingonit,"9May1959,9.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  70  s      USCF,.ԀMalcolmMacdonald,"ThisNationCalledCanada,"15May1946,43.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  71  s      USCF,.Ԁ"DoesOurEducationEducate?"15November1948,9,7276.Quotationisfromp.72.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  72  s      USCF,.ԀReneVautelet,"AQuebeckerSpeaksOut,"15January1948,18,3739.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  73  s      USCF,.ԀBruceHutchison,"PoliticalQuebec,"18February1956,22,37,3945.Quotationsarefromp.40,44.CFUS., | )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  74  s      USCF,.Ԁ25October1958,74.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  75  s      USCF,.Ԁ9May1959.Quotationsarefrom16,82.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  76  s      USCF,.Ԁ"TheLongRoadtoMaturity,"1July1948,1.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  77  s      USCF,.Ԁ"Let'sBeOptimistsonCanada'sBirthday,"1July1949,2.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  78  s      USCF,.Ԁ"LookHowFarWe'veCome!AndInJust84Years,"1July1950,1.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  79  s      USCF,.Ԁ"It'sWhat'sBehindtheSymbolthatCounts,"2April1955,2;"DonaldGordonandtheCh teauBlunder,"14 N May1955,2.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  80  s      USCF,.Ԁ"TheCommonwealthisChasingItsOwnTail,"1June1950,1;"TheFreeWorld'sGreatestAsset,"1June1953, N 2.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  81  s      USCF,.ԀBeverleyBaxter,"Farewellandhailafter25years,"30July1960,7.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  82  s      USCF,.Ԁ"We'renotreallytheheroesofSuez,"22December1956.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  83  s      ݀USCF,.BruceHutchison,"Forthesakeofargument.We'rebeingcorruptedbyourboom,"13April1957,8,4043. N Quotationisonp.40.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  84  s      USCF,.ԀSpecialissueofPrincessElizabeth'stourofCanada,1October1951;"JuneCallwood'sstoryoftheQueen's N visit,"7December1957.However,the1959tourwasonlythesubjectofahumourousarticlebyCharlesSpencer,"Thedaythequeenresigned,"29August1959,2,39.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  85  s      USCF,.Ԁ"OurIceWaterLoyalty,"1March1954,2;"WhydoroyaltoursmakeCanadianssobelligerent?,"15August N 1959,4.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  86  s      USCF,.ԀMcKenziePorter,"TheEmpire'sDutifulDaughters,"15August1952,1011,3437.Quotationisfromp.34.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  87  s      USCF,.Ԁ"BackstageatOttawa.NoSocialClimbersintheAbbey,"1June1953,specialissueonthecoronation,5.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  88  s      USCF,.Ԁ"Forthesakeofargument.We'rebeingcorruptedbyourboom,"13April1957,8,4043.Quotationsarefromp. N 41,43.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  89  s      USCF,.Ԁ"Bothpartiessay'No'toimmigrantsbutit'snotthevoiceofCanada,"31August1957,4.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  90  s      USCF,.Ԁ"LettertoHeinzWeidner,"1July1952,2.CFUS.,  )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  91  s      ݀USCF,.SeeforexampleJohnFarthing,FreedomWearsaCrown(Toronto:KingsfordHouse,1957).Again,Iowethis N referencetoGeraldFriesen.CFUS.,3|xVi`GaramondTT}Vi P1QPVi `*Times New RomanTTXXRVi P1QXP\  `*Times New RomanTTC\  P6QPVi `*Times New RomanTT=Vi P1QP\  `*Times New RomanTT&&J\  P6Q&P%2A`ArialTTomanTTJ2PQP%2A`ArialTTomanTTB2PQP 181 0*Times New RomanTTXXD0 181`111X1(b)$XXXXXX       Vi`GaramondTTVi `*Times New RomanTT  !!"XXXXXX          ! '$X!    CFUS.,          Ӏ@    1  A  !       u )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,          a  s      USCF,.IwouldliketothankparticipantsattheconferenceonComparativePerspectivesonNationalcollectivitiesand  Citizenship,organizedbytheInstitutderecherchesurlespopulations(IREP)inNovember1996,forreactionstoearlierversionsofpartsofthispaper.IalsowanttoexpressmythankstoGeraldFriesen,withwhomIhadlongandverypleasantconversationsaboutthepresentinquiryduringhisvisitatMcGillUniversityintheFallof1996.MycolleagueFernandeRoyalsofavouredmewithherinsightfulcommentsonthefirstphaseofthisproject.CFUS.,Vi`GaramondTTVi `*Times New RomanTT\  `*Times New RomanTT  !'XXXXXX        }"G73z 0 @ H@E mm m}   O"O"]   {#{#   '$XӀ   {#{#  USUS.,    H4X` hp x (#'$H  ]  ?+ % s ]G1!X?Vi`GaramondTTVi `*Times New RomanTT  !!"XXXXXX          ! '$X!    CFUS.,          Ӏ@    1  A  !      Vi`GaramondTTVi `*Times New RomanTT  !'XXXXXX        ]   '$XӀ  USUS.,    H4X` hp x (#'$H  ]  ?+ % s ]G1!X?Vi`GaramondTTVi `*Times New RomanTT u )!XXXXXX          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,          a  s      USCF,.IwouldliketothankparticipantsattheconferenceonComparativePerspectivesonNationalcollectivitiesand  Citizenship,organizedbytheInstitutderecherchesurlespopulations(IREP)inNovember1996,forreactionstoearlierversionsofpartsofthispaper.IalsowanttoexpressmythankstoGeraldFriesen,withwhomIhadlongandverypleasantconversationsaboutthepresentinquiryduringhisvisitatMcGillUniversityintheFallof1996.MycolleagueFernandeRoyalsofavouredmewithherinsightfulcommentsonthefirstphaseofthisproject.CFUS.,Vi`GaramondTTVi `*Times New RomanTT\  `*Times New RomanTT g dEEEDU DCl"\  !'X\XXXXX\        ]   '$XӀ  USUS.,    H4X` hp x (#'$H  ]  ?+ % s ]G1!X?  !'X\XXXXX\        ]   '$XӀ  USUS.,    H4X` hp x (#'$H  ]  ?+ % s ]G1!X?Vi`GaramondTTVi `*Times New RomanTT L %!)X\XXXXX\          ! '$X!    CFUS.,  ]  ! '$'$!Ӏ  %US.,CF,.     X'$  ]  ?+ % s ]G1!X?  N  N  } )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,          a  s      USCF,.IwouldliketothankparticipantsattheconferenceonComparativePerspectivesonNationalcollectivitiesand  Citizenship,organizedbytheInstitutderecherchesurlespopulations(IREP)inNovember1996,forreactionstoearlierversionsofpartsofthispaper.IalsowanttoexpressmythankstoGeraldFriesen,withwhomIhadlongandverypleasantconversationsaboutthepresentinquiryduringhisvisitatMcGillUniversityintheFallof1996.MycolleagueFernandeRoyalsofavouredmewithherinsightfulcommentsonthefirstphaseofthisproject.CF,.US.,  !!"X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  N  N   )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?USUS.,        XX    CFUS.,          1        USCF,.ԀSeeBerger,TheSenseofPower(Toronto:UniversityofTorontoPress,1970);MaryVipond,"NationalCon  sciousnessinEnglishSpeakingCanadainthe1920's:sevenessays,"Ph.D.thesis,UniversityofToronto,1974;RaymondBreton, FromEthnictoCivicNationalism:EnglishCanadaandQuebec,EthnicandRacialStudies, v vol.11,no1,(January1988):85102;PhilipResnick,"EnglishCanada:TheNationthatDaresNotSpeakItsNa 1 me",inKennethMcRoberts,ed.,BeyondQuebec:TakingStockofCanada(Montreal:McGillQueen'sUniversity  Press,1995),84.CF,.US.,P  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  2  s      USCF,.ԀTheterm"Canadian"referstotheEnglishlanguageCanadiancommunicationalcommunity.Seedefinitionsbe  low.CF,.US.,B D )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  3  s      USCF,.ԀWilliamR.Young,"MakingtheTruthGraphic:TheCanadianGovernment'sHomeFrontInformationStructure  andProgrammesduringWorldWarII"(Ph.D.thesis,UniversityofBritishColumbia,1978).CF,.US.,B  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  4  s      USCF,.ԀL'identitfragmente(Montreal:Fides,1996).CF,.US.,B  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  5  s      USCF,.ԀPaulLitt,TheMuses,theMasses,andtheMasseyCommission(Toronto:UniversityofTorontoPress,1992).CF,.US.,B  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  6  s      USCF,.ԀSeeCharlesTaylor,"SharedandDivergentValues,"inReconcilingtheSolitudes:EssaysonCanadianFederal N ismandNationalism(Montreal/Kingston:McGillQueen'sUniversityPress,1995),168169;MargaretAtwood,   Survival:AThematicGuidetoCanadianLiterature(Toronto:Anansi,1972).CF,.US.,B J )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  7  s      USCF,.ԀSeeT.H.Marshall,CitizenshipandSocialClass,andOtherEssays(Cambridge:UniversityPress,1950);Liah N Greenfeld,FiveRoadstoModernity(Cambridge:HarvardUniversityPress,1992).CF,.US.,B 6 )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  8  s      ݀USCF,.SeeCF,.US.,CԀSylvieLacombe,"Raceetlibert:l'individualismepolitiqueauCanada,18961920,"USCF,.(Ph.D.thesisCF,.US.,,Universi N tdeParisV,1993). t )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  9  s      USCF,.ԀItwouldbefascinatingtospeculateastowhytherehasbeensuchinterestamongCanadianhistoriansforthese N otherformsofcollectiveidentificationwhilenationalidentityremainspracticallyunexploredterritoryasafieldofresearch.CF,.US.,B  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  10  s      ݀USCF,.CharlesTilly,"Citizenship,IdentityandSocialHistory,"InternationalReviewofSocialHistory40,Supplement N 3(1995),56.CF,.US.,D  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  11  s      USCF,.ԀSeeJosephLevitt,"RaceandNationinCanadianAnglophoneHistoriography,"CanadianReviewofStudiesin N Nationalism,VIII,1(Spring1981):116,foranexaminationofthewritingsofsomemajorCanadianhistoriansof   thefirsthalfofthiscentury.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  12  s      USCF,.ԀSeethethirdedition,Toronto:McGrawHillRyerson,1990.Theuseof'nation'inthesenseof'state'occurson N p.4:"ThenewstatecreatedbytheBritishNorthAmericaActwasbornonJuly1,1867.8Notallinhabitantsofthenewnationsupporteditscreation."(Formally,thefirststatementiserroneous:whatwascreatedin1867wasanewarrangementforthegovernanceofBritain'sNorthAmericancolonies,notanewstate.)Differentmeanings 1  occuronp.7:"In1838,followingtherebellionsofthepreviousyear,LordDurhamwrotethathehadfoundtwonationswarringinthebosomofasinglestate.Sixtyyearslater,thatsituationhadchangedlittle.8Ifthenationstillremainedundefinedin1896,thestatehadcometofulfillthefunctionplannedforitin1964."CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  13  s      USCF,.SeeforinstanceVeronicaStrongBoag,"ContestedSpace:ThePoliticsofCanadianMemory,"Journalofthe N CanadianHistoricalAssociation,newseries,5(1994CF,.US.,C??CF,.)CF,.??, 'USCF,.:56.Itisrevealingthatahistorianwhodefinesherselfas   "bothafeministandanationalist"doesnotincludethequestionofnationalidentityaspartofthe'contestedspace'shedefinesasworthyofinvestigation.Sheseemstoequatetheissueofnationalismwitholdstylepoliticalhistory.CF,.US.,T ) )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  14  s      ݀USCF,.SeePhillipBuckner,"WhateverhappenedtotheBritishEmpire?"JournaloftheCanadianHistorical N Association,newseries,4(1993):2123,31,onthispoint.CF,.US.,D j )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  15  s      USCF,.AnexaminationofquestionsaskedbytheCanadianInstituteforPublicOpinion(Gallup)andotherpolling N organizationsrevealsthatquestionsareusuallyconcretelylinkedtocurrentissuesandareseldomphrasedinageneralway.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  16  s      ݀USCF,.Theyarealways,ofcourse,rhetorical.CF,.US.,D 4 )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  17  s      USCF,.ԀGeraldFriesenhasexaminedthevariousrepresentationsofcollectiveidentitytobefoundaroundthesportof N hockeyinapapergivenatMcGillUniversityintheFallof1996.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  18  s      ݀USCF,.RichardDouglasWilson,"AninquiryintotheinterpretationofCanadianhistoryintheelementaryand N secondaryschoolstextbooksofEnglishandFrenchCanada"(M.A.thesis,McGillUniversity,1967);EdisonQuick,"TheDevelopmentofGeographyandHistoryCurriculaintheElementarySchoolsofOntario18461966"(Ph.D.thesis,UniversityofToronto,1967);PenneyIreneClark,"'TakeItAway,Youth!':VisionsofCanadianIdentityinBritishColumbiaSocialHistoryTextbooks,19251989"(Ph.D.thesis,UniversityofBritishColumbia,1995).CF,.US.,D  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  19  s      ݀USCF,.TheCanadianInstituteofPublicOpinion[Gallup]pollsavailableforthispurposedatefromthemid1950s.CF,.US.,D C )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  20  s      USCF,.ԀWilliamR.Young,"BuildingCitizenship:EnglishCanadaandPropagandaduringtheSecondWar,",Journalof N CanadianStudies,16,34(FallWinter1981):121132.Quotationisfromp.122.CF,.US.,C ? )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  21  s      ݀Ibid.,124.USCF,.SeealsoLeslieA.Pal,"Identity,citizenship,andmobilization:TheNationalitiesBranchandWord N WarTwo,"CanadianPublicAdministration,32,3(Fall1989):407426.CF,.US.,P L )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  22  s      ݀WUSCF,..R.Young,"MakingtheTruthGraphic:TheCanadianGovernment'sHomeFrontInformationStructureand N ProgrammesduringWorldWarII"(Ph.D.dissertation,UniversityofBritishColumbia,1978),ch.2.CF,.US.,E  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  23  s      USCF,.ԀKathrynDoddandPhilipDodd,"EngenderingtheNation:BritishDocumentaryFilm,19301939,"inAndrew N Higson,ed.,DissolvingViews:KeyWritingsonBritishCinema(London:Cassell,1996),39.Iamgratefulto   GeraldFriesenforthisreference.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  24  s      USCF,.ԀYoung,"MakingtheTruthGraphic."Forlinkswiththekindredspiritsintheadulteducationmovement,see N GordonSelman,CitizenshipandtheAdultEducationMovementinCanada(Vancouver/Toronto:Centerfor   ContinuingEducation,UniversityofBritishColumbia/InternationalCouncilforAdultEducation,1991),ch.3;MichaelR.Welton,"'AnAuthenticInstrumentoftheDemocraticProcess':theintellectualoriginsoftheCanadianCitizens'Forum",StudiesintheEducationofAdults,18,1(1986):3549,especially4243.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  25  s      USCF,.ԀYoung,"BuildingCitizenship,"125.PaulMartinentitledhisaccountoftheoriginsofCanada'sfirstCitizenship N Act,in1946,"CitizenshipandthePeople'sWorld."ItappearedinWilliamKaplan,ed..,Belonging:TheMeaning   andFutureofCanadianCitizenship(Montreal/Kingston:McGillQueen'sUniversityPress,1993),6478.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  26  s      ݀USCF,.Young,ibid.,130.CF,.US.,D  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  27  s      ݀USCF,.Theywereexercisedbyaclauseinthebillwhichrequiredfiveyears'residencyinCanadaforBritishsubjects N fromotherpartsoftheCommonwealthtobecomeCanadiancitizens,thoughexistinglegislationgaveBritishsubjects,nomatterwheretheywereborn,therighttovoteinCanadianelectionsafteroneyear'sresidencyinthecountry.CF,.US.,D I )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  28  s      ݀USCF,.Martinindicatedin1993thathepersonallywouldhavefavourednotincludingthestatementthatCanadians N wereBritishsubjects,as"itleftCanadawithamarkofinferiority"(Martin,ibid.,74).CF,.US.,D  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  29  s      USCF,.ԀJohnG.Diefenbaker,DebatesoftheHouseofCommons,1946,2April1946,514;C.C.I.Merritt,ibid.,11April N 1946,795.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  30  s      USCF,.ԀG.R.Pearkes,ibid.,9April1946,702;D.M.Fleming,ibid.,30April1946,1061.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  31  s      USCF,.ԀFleming,ibid.,9April1946,691.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  32  s      USCF,.ԀPearkes,ibid.,9April1946,704.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  33  s      USCF,.ԀFleming;ibid.,9April1946,687,692;Cockeram,ibid.,9April1946,6956.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  34  s      USCF,.ԀIbid.,21March1946,131;5April1946,598.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  35  s      USCF,.Ԁ"WhatsInaName?",GlobeandMail,8April1946,6.AllGlobeeditorialscitedhereafterappearedonp.6.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  36  s      ݀USCF,."YoungMeninaHurry,"OttawaCitizen,16April1946,8.CF,.US.,D  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  37  s      ݀USCF,.SomeFrenchCanadianmembersoftheLiberalpartyalsoputforwardsuchaview.SeedouardRinfret,House N ofCommons,5April1946,596.CF,.US.,D  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  38  s      USCF,.G.H.Castleden,ibid.,8April1946,7201.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  39  s      USCF,.ԀR.R.Knight,ibid.,20April1946,1003.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  40  s      USCF,.Ԁ13April1946,17.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  41  s      USCF,.Martin,HouseofCommons,29April1946,1015.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  42  s      USCF,.ԀThisdivisionwasalsoevidentinthecivilservice.PaulMartinhadtorequesttheservicesofGordonRobertson, N thenattachedtothePrimeMinister'soffice,becausehisowndeputyminister,"whobelongedtotheoldschoolofempire,"wasopposedtotheideaofaCanadiancitizenship(Martin,"Citizenship,"68).CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  43    43  s      USCF,.ԀNationalArchivesofCanada,MG31E87,vol.2,File27,GordonRobertson,"CanadianCitizenshipAct N NotesonSections,'14November1945,38;ibid.,20April1945,R.G.R./L.F.,MemorandumforPaulMartinre:themeaningofBritishsubject.CF,.US.,`  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  44  s      USCF,.ԀMartin,"Citizenship,"74.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  45  s      ݀USCF,.AbroaderexaminationofnewspaperopinionabouttheCitizenshipActof1946revealedthatonlytheWinnipeg N FreePressadheredtoa'civic'definitionofcitizenship,butitswriterstookpaintoexplainthatBritishsubjects   wouldcontinuetobefavouredbytheAct.SeetheseriesofarticlesbyGrantDexter,2227March1946,whichseemtohavebeeninspiredbyPaulMartin.CF,.US.,D  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  46  s      USCF,."TheStreamFlowsSwiftly,"1July1947.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  47  s      USCF,.Ԁ"Welcome!,"23May1946.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  48  s      USCF,.Ԁ"VictoriaDay,"24May1946.CF,.US.,C M )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,          49  s      USCF,.Ԁ"ACommonwealthDay,"24May1946.CF,.US.,  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?USUS.,        XX    CFUS.,        USCF,.  50        ݀"ACanadianTradition,"24May1952.CF,.US.,  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  51  s      USCF,.Ԁ"FutileandStupid,"23May1952.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  52  s      USCF,.Ԁ"VictoriaDay,"23May1955.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  53  s      USCF,.Ԁ"DayOff,"21May1956.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  54  s      USCF,.Ԁ"ElizabethDay?,"19May1958.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  55  s      USCF,.Ԁ"What'sinaName?,"8April1946.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  56  s      "USCF,.LetsKeepDominionDay.FromtheFrontPageofSaturdayNight,"12April1946.CF,.US.,D  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  57  s      USCF,.Ԁ"VictoriaDay,"24May1946.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  58  s      USCF,.Ԁ"ACommonwealthDay,"24May1947;"VictorianHeritage,"20May1957.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  59  s      USCF,.Ԁ"TwoBirthdays,"1July1946[ConfederationDayandthecentenaryofHamilton].CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  60  s      USCF,.Ԁ"TheStreamFlowsSwiftly,"1July1947.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  61  s      USCF,.Ԁ"DominionDay,"1July1948;"Canada,OurCountry,"1July1951.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  62  s      USCF,.Ԁ"ACommonwealthDay,"24May1949.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  63  s      USCF,.ԀArthurIrwin,"TheCanadian,"1February1950,20,32,3435.Quotationisfromp.34,35.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  64  s      USCF,.Ԁ"TwoWindowsontheWorld,"Maclean's,1October1948,p.2;"ALessonfortheCBC,"1March1950,2.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  65  s      USCF,.Ԁ"LookHowFarWe'veCome!AndInJust84Years,"1July1950,1.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  66  s      USCF,.Ԁ"Let'sCallit'ConfederationDay',"9July1955,2.CF,.US.,C * )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  67  s      ݀USCF,.PersonnelAdministrationinthePublicService:AReviewofCivilServiceLegislationbytheCivilService N CommissionofCanada(Ottawa:Queen'sPrinter,1959).CF,.US.,D  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  68  s      USCF,.Ԁ"It'sEnglishCanadians'ownfaultif'bilingual'meansFrenchCanadian,"14February1959,4.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  69  s      USCF,.Ԁ"Let'sstopboastingofnationalunityandstartworkingonit,"9May1959,9.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  70  s      USCF,.ԀMalcolmMacdonald,"ThisNationCalledCanada,"15May1946,43.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  71  s      USCF,.Ԁ"DoesOurEducationEducate?"15November1948,9,7276.Quotationisfromp.72.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  72  s      USCF,.ԀReneVautelet,"AQuebeckerSpeaksOut,"15January1948,18,3739.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  73  s      USCF,.ԀBruceHutchison,"PoliticalQuebec,"18February1956,22,37,3945.Quotationsarefromp.40,44.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  74  s      USCF,.Ԁ25October1958,74.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  75  s      USCF,.Ԁ9May1959.Quotationsarefrom16,82.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  76  s      USCF,.Ԁ"TheLongRoadtoMaturity,"1July1948,1.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  77  s      USCF,.Ԁ"Let'sBeOptimistsonCanada'sBirthday,"1July1949,2.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  78  s      USCF,.Ԁ"LookHowFarWe'veCome!AndInJust84Years,"1July1950,1.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  79  s      USCF,.Ԁ"It'sWhat'sBehindtheSymbolthatCounts,"2April1955,2;"DonaldGordonandtheCh teauBlunder,"14 N May1955,2.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  80  s      USCF,.Ԁ"TheCommonwealthisChasingItsOwnTail,"1June1950,1;"TheFreeWorld'sGreatestAsset,"1June1953, N 2.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  81  s      USCF,.ԀBeverleyBaxter,"Farewellandhailafter25years,"30July1960,7.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  82  s      USCF,.Ԁ"We'renotreallytheheroesofSuez,"22December1956.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  83  s      ݀USCF,.BruceHutchison,"Forthesakeofargument.We'rebeingcorruptedbyourboom,"13April1957,8,4043. N Quotationisonp.40.CF,.US.,D  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  84  s      USCF,.ԀSpecialissueofPrincessElizabeth'stourofCanada,1October1951;"JuneCallwood'sstoryoftheQueen's N visit,"7December1957.However,the1959tourwasonlythesubjectofahumourousarticlebyCharlesSpencer,"Thedaythequeenresigned,"29August1959,2,39.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  85  s      USCF,.Ԁ"OurIceWaterLoyalty,"1March1954,2;"WhydoroyaltoursmakeCanadianssobelligerent?,"15August N 1959,4.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  86  s      USCF,.ԀMcKenziePorter,"TheEmpire'sDutifulDaughters,"15August1952,1011,3437.Quotationisfromp.34.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  87  s      USCF,.Ԁ"BackstageatOttawa.NoSocialClimbersintheAbbey,"1June1953,specialissueonthecoronation,5.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  88  s      USCF,.Ԁ"Forthesakeofargument.We'rebeingcorruptedbyourboom,"13April1957,8,4043.Quotationsarefromp. N 41,43.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  89  s      USCF,.Ԁ"Bothpartiessay'No'toimmigrantsbutit'snotthevoiceofCanada,"31August1957,4.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  90  s      USCF,.Ԁ"LettertoHeinzWeidner,"1July1952,2.CF,.US.,C  )!X\XXXXX\          ?+ % s ]G1!X?  XX    CFUS.,        ?+ % s ]G1!N?  91  s      ݀USCF,.SeeforexampleJohnFarthing,FreedomWearsaCrown(Toronto:KingsfordHouse,1957).Again,Iowethis N referencetoGeraldFriesen.CF,.US.,D )!X\XXXXX\        CEUS.,TRY$3'3'3' Lettre3'T      ?+ % s ]G1!X?  TheQuieterRevolution:EvolvingRepresentationsofNationalIdentityinEnglishCanada19411960      a)! '  a     a)!   `  PaperpresentedatajointsessionoftheCanadianHistoricalAssociationandtheAssociationforCanadianStudiesSt.John's,NFLD8June1997JosE.IgartuaDpartementd'histoireUniversitduQubecMontralhttp://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/r12270/"))))VFBz| % 0 @@E % % notforcitationorattributionwithoutpermission  '#& NN       m   NN  7MXdTXXd7  &        CFCE.,   US.,CF,.}CEUS.,0    1.  Introduction d xmO"O"  CE.,CE.,    '        CFCE.,  US.,CF,.:CEUS.,  AcommonviewE CE.,CE.,             '   1     ofCanadianUSCE.,      US.,US., CEUS.,       '   2     nationalisminthetwentiethcenturydepictsaslow  andgradualevolution:first,anidentificationwithBritishtraditionandculture,thenanaffirmationofa'newnationality'intheinterwarperiod,amomentofgloryduringWorldWarII,aslowsuccumbingtoAmericaninfluenceinthe1950s,aselfquestioninginthe1960s,andfinallyadeliberatereconstructionofnationalidentityinthe1970s.Yettherearetwodifficultieswiththiscommonview.ThefirstisthatthehistoricalprocessesbywhichthetransformationofCanadianidentityhaveoccurredremainsomewhatelusive.Second,thecommonviewsuggeststhateachofthephasesitdescribeswasmarkedbyadominantdefinitionofCanadianidentity.MypurposeistocallintoquestionthecommonviewbydrawingattentiontothepolymorphismoftheviewsofCanadathatwerecurrentinEnglishspeakingCanadaandbyproposingamorecomplexsequencefortheirevolution. 6x  RecentscholarshiphasbeenscarceontheissueofEnglishCanadianrepresentationsofCanadianidentity.Attentionhasmainlybeendrawntoattemptsmadebysomeelementsinthefederalgovernmentinthe1940sand1950storeshapeCanadianidentity.W.R.Younghasshownhow,duringtheearlyyearsoftheSecondWorldWar,theWartimeInformationBoarddefinedasitsmandatetheedificationofanewnationalsentimentbasedonasocialNN  democraticethics.USCE.,      US.,US.,1 CEUS.,      h '   3     Bourque,DuchastelandArmonyUSCE.,      US.,US.,/CEUS.,       '   4     havearguedthatduringthepostwar T$" NN  NN  NN  NN  NN  NN  NN  periodthefederalgovernmentappealedtoacommunalsenseofcitizenshiptofashionavaluesystemfoundedonegalitarianprinciplesasajustificationforintroducingwelfareprograms.LitthasexaminedtheeffortsoftheMasseyCommissiontodevelopaCanadianhighcultureasaresistancetotheinvasionofAmericandominatedpopularculture.USCE.,      US.,US.,XCEUS.,       '   5     Butfewinvestiga P | tionshavegonebeyondtheviewfromOttawa.  ThispaperarguesthatthecommonviewaswellastherecentresearchneglecttotakeintoaccountthepersistentaffirmationsofethnicbasedrepresentationsofCanadianidentitythatcanbeobservedinthepostwarperiod.ThustheyfailtoexplainwhytheseaffirmationsvanishedfromEnglishCanadiandiscourseinthe1960s.WehaveignoredarevolutionevenmorequietthanQuebec's,afundamentalshiftinEnglishCanadianrepresentationsofCanadianidentity.ThisshiftinturnconditionedthewayinwhichotherrepresentationsofnationalidentitywithinCanadaweregoingtobereceivedbytheEnglishspeakingmajority.  TwoethnicbaseddefinitionsofCanadianidentityappeartohavepermeatedpoliticaldiscourse.ThefirstwasthedefinitionofCanadaasaBritishnation.ItsdemiseleftanethnicvoidinEnglishCanadianrepresentationsofCanada.ThesecondmajorrepresentationofCanadianidentitybasedonethnicitycurrentinthe1950semphasizedthe'biracial'natureofCanada.Thisviewbecameincreasinglydifficulttosustaininthe1960s,sincerecognitionofthe'equalityofthetwofoundingraces'implicitinthisdefinitionofCanadawouldhaverequiredasubstantialrearrangementofpowerwithinCanadiansociety.Thusintheearlyϐ1960s,itbecameimpossibleforCanadiannationaliststocountertheconceptofa"Quebec X)#& nation"withanethnicformof"Canadian"nationalism,asthiswouldimplicitlyadmitthelegitimacyofotherformsofethnicallybasednationalismwithintheCanadianstate.TheonlyavenueopentoCanadiannationalistswastorejectethnicallybaseddefinitionsofnationalidentity.Sincetherewasnootherformofnationalidentityacceptabletothem,theyhadtodefineCanadianidentityasalackofidentity.Thisconstitutedadiscursivestrategythatrejectedselfrecognitionasalegitimateformofpoliticaldiscourse.USCE.,      US.,US.,CEUS.,       '   6     Iwouldcallthisthemy $  nameisnobodyposture,inwhichtheconceptof'limitedidentities'becameadefiningchar   acteristicofEnglishCanadianrepresentationsoftheCanadiannation.A'civic'formofnationalismwasthenproposedintheearly1970s.TheveryrootsofcivicnationalismlayfirmlyinBritishtradition,USCE.,      US.,US., CEUS.,       '   7     whichmadeiteasiertorepresentasa'superior'formofnationalismto ` counterthe'tribalism'ofethnicbasedQuebecnationalism.HoweverthisrepresentationofthenationimplicitlycontainedthesamekindofethicalclaimtosuperioritythatrepresentationsbasedontheBritishcharacterofthenationhadonceexplicitlystaked,USCE.,      US.,US.,#CEUS.,      7 '   8     andwemay  findinthisclaimsomeexplanationofitslackofappealinQuebecsociety.  Thispaperisinthestyleofanexploratoryessayratherthanaresearchreport.WhatIhavejustoutlinedisthegeneralhypothesiswithwhichIwanttoinquireintotheevolutionofrepresentationsoftheCanadiannationinEnglishCanada.Icannotofferasystematicdemonstrationofthehypothesisinthispaper.AllIcandoatthisstageistoindicatethesetofques d%" tionswhichareshapingmyinquiry,toexplainthemeaningIgivetosomekeyconcepts,toindicatewhereIintendtolook,andtoofferanintroductoryexpositionoftheargumentasitrelatestothefifteenyearsbetweenWorldWarIIand1960. Ϥ6USCE.,      US.,US.,%CEUS.,&        CFCE.,   US.,CF,.)CEUS.,0    2.  Theframeworkoftheinquiry ]* WϤ} O"O" )ona CE.,CE.,    '} )   &        CFCE.,  US.,CF,.3*CEUS.,0  0% O"O"   A. % Conceptsanddefinitions , xW^ % O"% O" W+ CE.,CE.,    '^g+    Thequestionswhichareshapingmyinquiryconcerntherepresentationsofnational q  identityinEnglishCanadaandhowtheserepresentationshaveevolved.IphrasethequestionsthusbecauseIamnotafterasingle,albeitelusive,EnglishCanadianidentity.Idon'tbelievenationalidentitiesderivetheirmeaningfromsomeessentialcharacterofthenation.Theliteratureonnationalismoverthelasttwentyyearshasdrawnattentiontothehistoricallyconstructednatureofnationsandnationalidentities.Nationalidentityisaformofcollectiveidentification,asareregion,genderandclass       '   9     .Assuchitpossessesanumberofattributes i whichhavebeencodifiedbyCharlesTillyascharacteristicofpublicidentities.Thefirstistherelationalnatureofsuchidentities.BythisTillymeansthatidentitiesarelocatedin"connec  = tionsamongindividualsandgroupsratherthaninthemindsofparticularpersonsorwholepopulations."Tillysummarizeswhathecallstheemergingviewofpublicidentitiesas"8notonlyrelationalbutculturalininsistingthatsocialidentitiesrestonsharedunderstandingsand %$ theirrepresentations.Itishistoricalincallingattentiontothepathdependentaccretionof y'!& memories,understandings,andmeansofactionwithinparticularidentities.Theemergingview,finally,iscontingentinthatitregardseachassertionofidentityasastrategicinteraction  liabletofailureormisfiringratherthanastraightforwardexpressionofanactor'sattributes."       '   10      x     ApplyingTilly'scharacterizationofpublicidentitiestonationalidentityhasanumberofimplications.First,itshowswhyitisfutiletosearchfortheessenceofanationalidentity.Collectiveidentitiesarenotfixedattributesofgroups,butarehistoricalconstructsliabletoevolveasdoesthenatureoftherelationswithinandbetweengroupswhichgiverisetoenunciationsofidentity.Secondly,Tilly'smodelsuggeststhatidentitiesareenunciatedforspecificreasonsatspecifictimesandforspecificpurposes.Fromthisitfollowsthatenunciationsofnationalidentitywillnotnecessarilybecoherent,eitherinternallyorovertime.Thusitisimportanttounderstandthecircumstancesofsuchenunciationsinordertoassesstheirmeaning.Finally,collectiveidentitiesexistonlyattheculturallevel,thatis,assharedrepresentations.  Next,itisimportanttoclarifyhowIunderstandtheconceptsof'nation,''nationalidentity,'and'EnglishCanada.'Acommonusageoftheword'nation'inEnglishlanguageCanadianhistoriographyequates'nation'with'country'or'state.'       '   11     ThusforinstanceGranatstein's L!x etal.,Nation:CanadaSinceConfederationseemstofavourthisusage,thoughitsuseofthe  #L  termisoccasionallyambiguous.      7 '   12     Otherhistoriansalsogiveapoliticalconnotationto'nation,' %," definingitasthelocusofconflictsandpowerstrugglesamongvarioussegmentsofCanadiansocietyorasashamdesignedtohidethesestruggles.       '   13     Ithinkneitherofthesedefinitionsare  appropriatetothehistoricalunderstandingof'nation.'Thefirstusageseemstoviewtheconceptofnationasunproblematic,whilethesecondappearstodenyitshistoricalsignificance.IprefertofollowBenedictAnderson'sdefinitionof'nation'asan'imaginedcommunity,'foundedinabeliefinsharedcharacteristics,asharedpastandthehopeofasharedfuture. $  Therearenotangiblecharacteristicsofnationhoodthataresharedbyallnations.Instead,nationsexistwhencommunitiesbelieveintheirexistence.Itfollowsthattheyhaveahistorical,ratherthananessential,existence:theycanbebornandtheycandie,whencommunitiesnolongerbelieveinthem.  Likewise,nationalidentity,orthedefinitionswhichacommunitygivesofitselfasanationalentity,arehistoricallyconstructedandthusareliabletoevolveovertime.Thehistoricalquestionthereforeistodiscoverwhycertainformsofnationalidentityarebornandwhycertainformsfadeaway.Inthepresentcase,forinstance,IamparticularlyinterestedinthewitheringofthedefinitionofCanadaasaBritishnationandintheappearanceofthedefinitionofCanadaascomposedof'limitedidentities.'Iwanttolookatthesequestionsnotinapolemicalmanner,butfromanethnographicperspective.  Buthowcanoneapprehend'nationalidentity?'Theonlyhandleistobefoundin $" representationsofidentity,thatis,statementsaboutwhatnationalidentityis.These  representationsareinevitablygoingtobenumerousandtheircontentswillfluctuateaccordingtothepurposeforwhichthestatementsaremade.Theimportantpointhere,torecallTillly,isthatnationalidentityisaculturalrealitydefinedbysharedrepresentationsanddoesnotexistoutsideoftheserepresentations.Thustheobviousmultifaceted,andcontingent 0 \ characterofrepresentationsofnationalidentity.  ImustalsoexplainwhatImeanby'EnglishCanada.'Itiscurrentlyfashionabletostatethatthereisnosuchthing,thatitnolongerexists.Theargumentagainsttheexistenceof'EnglishCanada'isarelativelynewone:itimpliesthattheethnicortheculturaldefinitionof  EnglishCanadianidentitynolongerhasanymeaning.ThisargumentispartofcurrentrepresentationsofnationalidentityinCanada,whichaffirmthatnationalidentityis(orshouldbe)basedon'civic'ratherthan'ethnic'values.WhetherethnicorculturaldefinitionsofCanadianidentitystillhavecurrencyis,ofcourse,amatterforinvestigation.Yetonecannotdenythatthesedefinitionshaveexisted.       '   14     Oneaimofmyinquiryistodetermineforhow  longandtowhatextentthesedefinitionswereimbeddedindefinitionsofCanadiannationalidentity.SoIdonotpostulatetheexistenceofanunchanging,essential'EnglishCanada.'Forthepurposesofmyinquiry,Isimplyusethephrase'EnglishCanada'torefertothecommunicationalcommunity,withintheCanadianstate,whosesharedlanguagewasandisEnglish.Iwouldargue,followingBenedictAndersonagain,thatthatthiscommunicationalcommunityhasexistedsincenewspapers,thetelegraph,andtherailway("printcapitalism," ("& inhisphrase)havedefinedthiscommunicationalspace.Thefocusisonlanguage,ratherthanonethnicorculturalorigins,thoughalanguageofcommunicationrestsonthesupposedsharingofculturalreferents.  Finally,onemaywellask,howwidelysharedaretherepresentationswhichwemay P | beabletoidentifythroughvarioussources?Itisadifficultquestiontoanswer.Oneindicationisrepetitionwithinthecommunicationalcommunity.Anothermaybeoccasionallyfoundinopinionsurveys,buttheseseldomphraseexplicitquestionsaboutthedefinitionofthenation.       '   15     Wearethereforelefttorelyonthepostulatethatwidespreadrepetitionofcertain   representationsofnationalidentityindicatessomeformofacceptanceoftheserepresentationsinthepopulation. m&        CFCE.,  US.,CF,.+CEUS.,0  0% O"O"   B. % Sources NO xm% O"% O" N CE.,CE.,    'N    Representationsofnationalidentitycanbegeneratedformanyreasons,andthrough / variousmedia.Inordertofocustheinquiry,Iproposetodrawadistinctiongroundedinthepurposeofenunciation.Therearefirstofallexplicitstatementsdesignedtoconvincethe  audienceastothenatureofnationalidentity.Thesestatementsareoftenpolemicalandarisemainlyinpoliticaldebate.Inthepostwarperiod,anumberofpoliticalissueshavegivenrisetostatementsaboutnationalidentity.Thepoliticaldebatesof1946aboutcitizenship,theflag,thenationalanthem,orthenametobegiventotheJuly1stholiday(DominionDay, &3 " ConfederationDay,orCanadaDay)areagoodstartingpoint.Amongotheroccasionsfor '"$ explicitdebateonemaypointtotheworkoftheMasseyCommission,thedebateovertheDiefenbakerBillofRights,theBilingualism&BiculturalismCommission,andthedebatesovertheOfficialLanguagesActandovertheMulticulturalismAct. x  ButtherearealsooccasionswherestatementsaboutCanadianidentityareproducedinanincidentalmanner,inargumentsaboutotherissues.Theseincidentalstatementsabout $ P Canadianidentityareintendedtobenonpolemical.       '   16     Theyareoftenadducedwiththe 0  expectationthattheyaresharedbytheaudience,thattheyreflectcommonopinion.Forexample,newspapereditorialsaboutEmpireDay,VictoriaDay,DominionDay,orevenNewYearsDayoccasionallyoffersuchstatementsaboutthenatureofCanada.OthercontextsfortheenunciationofnonpolemicalstatementsaboutCanadianidentitymayincludepoliticaleventssuchastheretirementofamajorpoliticalfigure,thenominationofanewGovernorGeneral,internationalcrisesinwhichCanadaplayedaprominentrole,majorcelebrationsofCanadianachievements,etc.IncidentalstatementsaboutCanadianidentitymayalsoappear,forinstance,inpedagogicalobjectivesfortheteachingofCanadianhistoryandgeographyandinthetextbooksapprovedforsuchpurposes.  Representationsofnationalidentitymayofcourseappearinothertypesofdiscoursethanthepoliticaldiscoursecitedintheexamplesmentionedabove.Scholarlydiscourse(e.g.,history,politicalscience,geography),aswellasliterature,art,andsport,      K '   17     canserveas $ " vehiclesforthedisseminationofrepresentationsofnationalidentity.Itwouldbeagigantictasktohuntdownsystematicallyalloftheserepresentations.Ihavedecidedtofocusforthe ("& momentonpoliticaldiscoursesinceitappearstoofferthemostfrequentandperhapsthemostwidelydisseminatedenunciationsofnationalidentity.Schoolsprovideanotherimportantchannelofdissemination,andscholarlyinvestigationsofcurriculaandtextbooksindicatethatthiswillbeanotherfruitfulareaofinquiry.       '   18      P |   Politicaldiscourseisbyitselfalargeuniverse.Itisadiscourseaboutpolitics,notsimplythediscourseofpoliticians.Withinitonecaninclude,besidesthestatementsofpoliticiansasreportedinHansardorinthepress,editorialsandotherexpressionsofopinion   inthepress.Thereisnoobviouswaytogaugetheprevalenceofvariousrepresentationsofnationalidentitywithinthepopulation.Wecanonlyhopetobeabletoidentifythemorecommonexpressionsofnationalidentityandfocusouranalysisonthese.Someindicationoftheresonancewhichpoliticaldiscoursefindsinthepopulationatlargecanbeprovidedbyanexaminationoftheresultsofpublicopinionpolls,particularlythosewhichcanbesubmittedtosecondarydataanalysis.       '   19      m  &        CFCE.,   US.,CF,.OCEUS.,0    3.  TheevolutionofrepresentationsofnationalidentityinEnglishCanada,1941 l 1960 Ab xm O"O" atifa CE.,CE.,    '%a    Letmenowturntoapreliminaryforayintopostwarrepresentationsofnational _" identitywithintheEnglishspeakingcommunicationalcommunityofCanada.Myaimistoproposeanumberofthemesfromtheperiod'spoliticalhistoryasworthyofattention. mx &3 " &        CFCE.,  US.,CF,.bCEUS.,0  0% O"O"   A. % ThewartimeefforttoconstructaCanadianidentity:achangeofethics? ae xm% O"% O" dtifaCE.,CE.,    'd    AsfarasIknow,thefirstdeliberateattemptstoreshapethedefinitionofCanadian  identityoccurredduringWorldWarII.In1939,thefederalgovernmentcreatedtheBureauofPublicInformation,withthemandatetofosteramongCanadians(atleastamongEnglishspeakingCanadians)acommonsenseofpurpose.TheBureauwasconcernedwithunitingthecountryinthefightagainstanenemyportrayedas"theantithesisoftherealCanadian."Tothisenditfocusedonthecountry'sroleinthewarandattemptedtodistinguishCanada'sinterestsinthewarfromthoseofitsallies.Finally,itstressedtheneedtointegrateethniccommunitiesintotheEnglishspeakingmajorityandcalleduponthemajoritytoacceptmembersofthesecommunitiesintoawidersenseof'Canadianism.'Radioaswellasprintwereusedtocommunicatethismessageofintegration.      ݀ '   20     KZfas      x [   Buttheseefforts,concludesthestudentofCanadianwartimepropaganda,WilliamR.Young,werenotverysuccessful.ThepublicwassplitinitsattitudetowardsGreatBritain:someconsideredthattheBritishweresacrificingCanadiantroops,whileothersdefendedthemothercountry.In1940,AntiNazisentimentthreatenedtoturnintoantiGermansentimentandtoputGermanCanadiansatriskofwitchhunts.CanadiansontheWestCoastwereagitatedbythepresenceofCanadiansofJapaneseancestry,andthesewereforciblyrelocatedinland.Allinall,governmentpropagandaeffortswerenotabletoovercomeanethnicallybasedviewofCanadaand'Canadianism'amongtheEnglishspeakingpopulation.Youngcitesa1945opinionpollinwhich"EnglishCanadianscontinuedtoexpressdislikeofall ("& 'foreigners'anddidnotbelievethatcitizensofanethnically'different'origincouldindeedbecome'goodCanadians'."       '   21         Thefederalgovernmentdecidedin1942tointensifyitspropagandaeffortsandcreatedtheWartimeInformationBoardwhichabsorbedtheBureauofPublicInformation.ThenewboardwascomposedofleadingcivilservantssuchasLesterPearson,RobertBryceandArnoldHeeney.In1943itwasputunderthemanagementofJohnGrierson,whohadimmigratedfromBritaintoCanadain1938tosetuptheNationalFilmBoard.       '   22     Before   comingtoCanada,Griersonhadalreadyreflectedonthepowerofhismediumofchoice,film,toshapesocietyandtoinculcatesocialvalues.      | '   23     ForGrierson,thefightfordemocracy t couldonlybeafightforamoreequitablesociety,wheresocialjusticewouldentaileconomicsecurityforthewholepopulation.Tohim,thiswasthecompellingargumentinfavourofthewareffort.ThismessagecouldbedisseminatedamongtheCanadianpopulationbyeducation,inparticularbyadulteducationthroughradioanddiscussiongroups,anditsreceptiongaugedbythescientificmethodofpublicopinionpolling.       '   24     TheWartime  InformationBoardusedpublicopinionpollstoarguebeforethegovernmentthatthepopulationcouldonlybemotivatedforthewareffortbythepromiseofabetterpeacetime @!l world,a'people'sworld.'       '   25     OneofitsmaindefenderswithinthegovernmentwasBrooke  Claxton,ParliamentaryAssistanttothePrimeMinister,whoeasilyequatedthisnew'people'sworld'withaLiberalviewoftheworld.  Yetthis'social'viewofwhatbeingaCanadianstoodfordidnotreceiveanenthusiasticwelcomewithinthefederalCabinet.Grierson'sadvocacyof'centralplanning'wastoomuchforsomemembersoftheCabinetandin1944hewasledtoresignasmanagerofoperationsfortheWartimeInformationBoard.ThereaftertheBoard'sactivitieswerescaleddownanditsinfluenceinshapinganewdefinitionofCanadianidentitylessened.Though"BuildingaNewSocialOrderforCanada"becametheLiberalsloganinthe1945federalelectioncampaign,itappearstohavebeenmoreanefforttostealthethunderfromtheCooperativeCommonwealthFederation(CCF)thantoprovideawelldefinedsocialblueprintforthepostwarperiod.ThedefinitionofCanadianidentitypromotedbytheWartimeInformationBoardwasfoundedupontherightsofcitizensofallcategories,butsuchadefinitiondidnotcarrythedaywithinthegovernmentorthroughoutthecountry.TheWartimeInformationBoard,accordingtoYoung,"failedinthelongertermtoaccomplishitsoriginalpurposeofdefininganonpoliticalandpopularsenseofcitizenship."       '   26      m @!l &        CFCE.,  US.,CF,.#eCEUS.,0  0% O"O"   B. % TheambiguousnatureofthenewCanadiancitizenship,1946 } xm# % O"% O" |,CE.,CE.,    'X( }    ThepoliticaldebateaboutthenatureofCanadianidentitycontinuedintheyear % " followingthewar.Duringthe1945electioncampaign,MackenzieKing,attheurgingofthe '!$ newSecretaryofState,PaulMartin,hadpromisedCanadianstogivethecountrythesymbolsofnationhoodthatwerestillmissing,namelyitsownflaganditsowncitizenshipstatus.AbillcreatingaCanadiancitizenshipwasputbeforetheHouseofCommonsintheFall1945sessionbutdiedontheorderpaper.ItwasreintroducedthefollowingSpringandwasdebatedalongwithothersymbolicmeasures,suchasthedesignforaCanadianflagandtherenamingof'ConfederationDay'into'CanadaDay.'Onlythecitizenshipbillmadeitintolaw,afteralongdebateinParliamentandinthepressattheheartofwhichweredefinitionsofCanadianidentity.ThemajorfeatureoftheCitizenshipbillwastocreatethelegalconceptofCanadiancitizenship;mostoftheotherclausesofthebillsimplycodifiedexistinglegislation.Mostimportantly,thebilldeclaredthat'aCanadiancitizenisaBritishsubject.' x  Basically,twotendenciesappearedduringthedebateaboutCanadiancitizenshipinParliamentandinthepress.ThemostvocaltendencydefinedCanadiansasBritishsubjects.Theupholdingofthis'British'definitionofCanadianidentitywasatthecentreoftheargumentsinvokedbytheProgressiveConservativeOppositionintheHouseofCommonsaswellasbysomenewspapersinthecountry.       '   27     Thesponsorofthebill,SecretaryofStatePaul l Martin,wasatpainstostressthatCanadianswouldremainBritishsubjectsandthatthebilldidnotchangethenatureoftherelationshipbetweenCanadaandGreatBritain.      | '   28      #@     ProponentsofthisdefinitionofCanadianidentityinsistedupontheBritishtraditionof $" freedom       '   29     andupontheabilityofBritishimmigrantstomeldwithinCanadiansociety,being   familiarwiththelanguageandpoliticalinstitutionsofthecountry.       '   30     Britishsubjectstherefore  shouldcontinuetobegivenpreferentialtreatmentintheprocessofobtainingCanadiancitizenshipandanyclauseinthelegislationwhichwoulddenythemthispreferentialtreatmentwouldbetakenasaninsult.       '   31     TheBritishheritageofCanadawouldbethreatened $ P ifobstacleswereputtotheinfluxofBritishsubjects.  Inversely,someimmigrantswerejudgedtobeincompatiblewithCanadiansociety,fortheirallegiancetoCanadawouldforeverremaindoubtful.ThiswasthecaseofJapaneseimmigrantsorCanadiansofJapaneseancestry.ThedistinctionbetweenthosewhowerebornhereandthuswereBritishsubjectsandthosewhocameasimmigrantsmatteredlittletosomeConservativeM.P.sfromBritishColumbia.TheyusedtheoccasionofthedebateonthecitizenshipbilltopressthegovernmenttodeportCanadiansofJapaneseancestryoratleasttopreventthemfromreturningtotheWestCoast;oneM.P.invokedthe'highChristianpointofview'andcalledupontheJapanesetoreturntoJapan.      | '   32         Thereexisted,fortheseMembersofParliament,adefiniteethnichierarchyamongCanadiancitizens:Britishsubjects(morespecifically,BritishsubjectsofBritishancestry)wereatthetopofthishierarchy,whileOrientalswereobviouslyatthebottom.WhereFrenchCanadiansrankedwithinthishierarchywasnotalwaysclear:someConservativeM.P.sdefinedCanadaascomposedoftwomajorethnicgroups,whileotherschosetorecall & $ whattheyconsideredthedubiousloyaltyofFrenchCanadiansduringthetwoWorldWars.       '   33       The'twofoundingpeoples'werenotseenasequalintheirdevotiontoCanada;onewasclearlymore'Canadian'thantheother.  ItwasimpoliticfortheOppositionandfornewspaperswhichsupportedittocomeoutagainsttheCitizenshipAct.WhoafterallcouldrefusetocallhimselfaCanadiancitizen?OnlytheConservativeMemberforBroadview,T.L.Church,didsoopenly.      K '   34     Forhimthere $  wasnoneedforcitizenshiplegislation."IamaCanadian,butIalsoamaBritishsubject.Theyareboththesameandalwayshavebeen."ChurchconsideredthebillthedoingofrepublicanelementswithinCanada.KindrededitorialwriterswithTheGlobeandMailand t theOttawaCitizen       '   35     sawtheCitizenshipActaspartofaconcertedassaultby'ultra T nationalists'(i.e.,FrenchCanadians)againstthesymbolsandthetraditionsoftheBritishheritageinCanada;thisassaultwasalsoaimedattheflagandatDominionDay."Takensingly,wrotetheCitizen,orevencollectively,thesenationalistbillsareofsmallconsequence;  containlittleaboutwhichanyadultmindneedstogrowexcited.Whatwedislikeaboutthemiswhattheyshowoftheunseemlyhasteofcertainpeopleinthiscountry,manyofthemveryclosetotheGovernment,toridCanadaofanythingsuggestingtheBritishconnection."       '   36      d! Thusthelinesweredrawn.OnonesidewerethosewhoupheldthenoblestidealsofBritishcivilization.OntheotherwerenarrowmindedbusybodieswhowereantiBritish.Atstakewastheverydefinitionofthecountry. & !$   Asecond,verydifferentviewofCanadianidentitywasputforwardduringthedebateconcerningthecitizenshipbill.ThissecondviewwasvoicedmainlybywesternmembersoftheHouseofCommonswhobelongedtotheCCF.       '   37     TheirswasadefinitionofCanadian |  identitywhichincludedeverycitizenregardlessofcolor,race,orreligion.This'civic'definitionofCanadianidentitywasstatedintheirpartyplatform.       '   38     AllCanadiansshould $ P enjoythesamerightsregardlessofhowtheybecamecitizens.CCFMembersdenouncedtheirConservativecolleagueswhodemandedtheexpulsionoftheJapanese;theydrewattentiontothecontradictionsbetweentheirracistviewsoftheJapaneseandtheuniversalistprinciplesputforthbyJohnG.DiefenbakerinproposingaCanadianBillofRights.TheCCFMemberforSaskatoonaccusedtheConservativesofracialprideandofwantingtoenjoyaprivilegedstatuswithinCanadiansociety.       '   39     Thisviewpointwassupportedbythe H WinnipegFreePress,whichaccusedHowardGreen,theConservativeM.P.forNorth  Vancouver,ofracismandfascism.      | '   40         ThesetwocompetingviewsofwhatCanadawasandofwhatitshouldbe,theethnicandthecivicviews,wereskillfullyusedtodefendtheCitizenshipAct.Thegovernmentspokesmanforthebill,SecretaryofStatePaulMartin,arguedthatthebillcombinedbothviewsofCanadianidentity.AccordingtoMartin,theCitizenshipActwasdesignedtofosternationalsentiment,particularlythroughtheclauseswhichprescribedfornewcitizenstobecognizantoftherightsanddutiesofcitizensandrequiredthemtoswearallegiancetothe & $ CrownandtoCanada."Thebillisdesignedtocreateafeelingofunityandofsolidarity,"arguedMartin.       '   41     Yetthebillessentiallyreaffirmedan'ethnic'viewofCanadiancitizenshipby  maintaining!andevenincreasing,underOppositionpressure!theprivilegesofBritishsubjectsinobtainingCanadiancitizenship."ACanadiancitizenisaBritishsubject"wasthekeyphraseofthebill.  Evenso,thecitizenshipbillrevealeddivisionswithintheCabinetovertheissueofCanadianidentity.      K '   42     Thecivilservantmandatedtopreparethebill,GordonRobertson,had   underlinedthatthedraftlegislationmade"aslittlechangeaspossible"totheexistinglegalsituation."Thereismuchtobesaid,hewrotehisminister,forretainingmanyofthetraditionalsymbolsofassociationthatdonotconflictorinterfereinanywaywiththeessentialsofaseparatepersonalityandstatusformembersoftheCommonwealth."      | '   43     Yetthe H CabinetwasunenthusiasticandrequiredthereaffirmationofthestatusofBritishsubjectsforCanadians,withoutwhichitfearedthebillwouldbedefeatedintheHouseofCommons.       '   44       Thisindicatesthedegreetowhichthe'ethnic'definitionofCanadianidentitywasstillsharedwithinthetwomajorCanadianpoliticalpartiesintheaftermathofWordWarII. m&        CFCE.,  US.,CF,.s}CEUS.,0  0% O"O"   C. % Twinstrands,19451960:oneortworaces?  xm"4% O"% O" theCE.,CE.,    'p)    IwouldlikenowtoturntoanexplorationofthemannerinwhichCanadianidentity $G  wasrepresentedfrom1945to1960innonpolemicaldiscourse.Thisexplorationrestsononlytwopublicationsandisthusverymuchtentativeinnatureeventhoughthepublicationsclaimedtohaveanationalaudience.Nevertheless,itpointstothepersistenceofethnicbasedrepresentationsofnationalidentity:the'British'viewofCanadaontheonehand,andthe'biracial'viewofCanadianidentityontheother.Theseviewsweremorecommonthanthe'civic'viewputforthbytheCCF.ThelatterviewdidnotgainmuchcurrencyinEnglishspeakingCanadabeforethe1960s.       '   45      x     ThesetwoethnicbasedrepresentationsofCanadianidentitysharedacommonelement,however.ThiscommonelementwasthatCanadaremainedanuncompletednation.Thisthemeforeshadowedthe'limitedidentities'ofthe1960s,butcontainedateleologicalimplicationabsentinthelatterphrase.  IhavetakentheTorontoGlobeandMail,"Canada'snationalnewspaper,"asthefirstsourceinmyexploration.IhavescoureditsNewYear,EmpireDay,VictoriaDay,andDominionDayeditorialpagestoseewhatrepresentationsofCanadianidentitywerecalledforthonthesesymbolicoccasionswhere"8afewcarefullychosenplatitudes8,"toquotethepaperononesuchinstance,weretheorderoftheday.| '   46     ׀TheGlobe'sviewofCanadian @!l identitywasperhapsbestexpressedinaneditorialon1July1950,entitled"StillaLandofPromise."ItdefinedthreemajorcomponentsofCanadianidentity:the'biracial'natureofthecountry,itsbelongingtotheNorthAmericancontinent,anditsBritishheritage. & $       UKCE.,  US.,UK.,iCEUS.,8  [Canada]hasevolvedamethodwherebybiracialismhassurvivedbypermitting [ itstwomajorgroupstoretainthebasesoftheircultureandyettocooperateinthemanagementofthecountry.IthassucceededinbeingNorthAmericanwithoutlosingitsidentityinthatofitslargerandmorepowerfulneighbor;andithasretaineditsBritish"andhenceitsEuropeanconnectionevenwhiledevelopinganautonomyofitsown.IthasthusbeeninfluentialinshapingthegrowthoftheoldEmpireintothepatternofthenewCommonwealth.    theCE.,CE.,          Ofthesethreethemes,itwastheBritishtraditionwhichmostpreoccupiedtheeditorialwritersoncivicholidays.TheimportanceoftheBritishtradition,andthefearofitswaning,werefrequenttopicsofVictoriaDayeditorials.Almosteveryyear,theGlobeand   Mailwouldreiteratethepoint.OntheoccasionofthevisitoftheGovernorGeneral,  ViscountAlexander,toTorontoon24May1946,thepaperwrote:      UKCE.,  US.,UK.,CEUS.,8  ThereismorethanalittlesignificanceinthefactthatthevisitofViscountandLadyAlexandercoincideswiththepopularholidayofVictoriaDay.NodayincalendarrecallsmoreclearlytheImperialassociationwhichtimehasnotweakened,butmadeincreasinglyvaluable8theholidayFridaywill8tosomeextentmakekeenertheir[thepeople's]understandingofthemeaningoftheCrownasthebondbetweenthenationsoftheCommonwealth.theCE.,CE.,             '   47        theUSCE.,      US.,US.,&CEUS.,    Already,however,accordingtothepaper,VictoriaDaywasundergoingatransformationwhichwasnotwhollywelcomed."TherehasbeenatendencyinrecentyearstoconvertthedayintoaholidaytocelebratetheEmpire,"thepaperwroteonVictoriaDay,1946,butthistendedtoobscuretheachievementsofCanadianandBritishVictorians,towhichtheattentionofschoolchildrenshouldbedirected.      K '   48     Itcamebacktothisthemeofthe &!$ transformationoftheholidaythreeyearslater,butwithlessreservation,sincethe ("& CommonwealthembodiedthevirtuesofBritishtradition:"Bypopulardemand,it[VictoriaDay]hasbecomeanoccasionforcelebratingthevaluesandachievementsoftheBritishCommonwealth8.Theactive,guidingprincipleintheCommonwealthhasbeenthespreadoflibertyandhappiness." '   49       P |   Butthepaperwasriledbythefederalgovernment'sbilltoturntheTwentyFourthofMayintoafixedholidaytobecelebratedontheMondaybefore25May.      UKCE.,  US.,UK.,CEUS.,8  Nowagenerationweakinhistoricfeelinghasdecidedtoalterthisestablishedcustom,andmakeVictoriaDaymerelyaMondayholidayinthelatterpartofMay8.VictoriaDaymeanssomethingwhichshouldbecherished,notexpungedfrompublicrecollection.Evenifsomedonotthinkofwhatitmeans,ordonotcare,thereisvalueinthekeepingoftradition.Anationwithoutapastisamerecollectionofpeople8.Howshallowwehavebecome,ifthepastwhichmadeushasceasedtomatter!Howdisloyaltoourcountryisthisurgetodestroythememoryofitsrootsandtraditions!priCE.,CE.,            K '   50     2^   priUSCE.,      US.,US.,)CEUS.,    ThevillainofthepiecewastheLiberalgovernmentinOttawa,andparticularlyPrimeMinisterSt.Laurent,whohadjustaddedinsulttoinjurybyproclaiming23May,whichinOntariowascelebratedbyschoolchildrenasEmpireDay,as'CanadianCitizenshipDay.'      UKCE.,  US.,UK.,CEUS.,8  EmpireDay8hasbeendevotedtoappropriateceremoniescelebratingCanada'smembershipinthegreatestassociationofpeoplesinthehistoryoftheworld.ToMr.St.Laurent,themiracleoftheBritishCommonwealthandEmpireisanembarrassment.Itisathingweshouldavoidand,ifpossible,forget.Andsoinacrassandclumsymove,heisattemptingtotransformanobleexpressionofhumanbrotherhoodintoanarrowandparochialselfaggrandizement8.Peopledonotforgettheirhistory.Ithasmadethemwhattheyare.Foranytransientpoliticiantoattempttokillanation'spast,towipeourapeople'sorigins,isanidioticfutility.Mr.St.Laurentmightaswellgiveuptrying.OurBritishtieisagreatdealstrongerthanheis.Heshould remember,too,thatifacourseispersistedinbeyondreason,itproducesa ("& reactionwhichcouldbeverybadbecauseextreme.WpriCE.,CE.,             '   51         priUSCE.,      US.,US.,CEUS.,  Thefollowingyear,whenVictoriaDaywasforthefirsttimecelebratedontheprescribedMonday,thepaper'spositionwasexpressedintheeditorialcartoon,whichshowedapioneerintheforefront,labelled'OurHeritage,'andaCanadianfamilyturningitsbacktohim,facingratheranurbanlandscapelabelled'OurCountry'.Thecartoonboretheinscription"InMemoryofMay24th18471952."     ThecomplaintaboutthelossofpatrioticfervourandtheattacksuponBritishtraditioncontinuedinthelatterpartofthe1950s.On23May1955,thepapercomplainedthat"thewordEmpirehasbecometaboo,"that"mostofthefunhasbeensqueezedoutoftheholiday.""Andwiththefun,thesignificancealsohastendedtodisappear.Theoldsongs8createdaconsciousnessofunitywithinCanada,andofCanada'sunitywithinanimperialCommonwealth.VictoriaandEmpireDayhaslostthatsavor.8Itisnotgoodforanationsotoslightthetruthofitshistoricalbeginnings."      K '   52     Itcontinuedinthesameveinthefollowing  year,reflectingthat"disrespectforCanada'spast(especiallythatpartofitwhichrelatesinanywaytoBritain)isendemicinOttawa.8ForgettingtheirBritishpast,thepeopleofCanadaareforgettingalsotheirCanadianpast."Thiswashavingadeleteriouseffectonthenation:"Ruboutsomeofanation'shistory,andyoumightaswellruboutallofit."       '   53     By #*! 1958,thepaperseemstohavefinallyacceptedthedemiseoftheTwentyFourthofMay,butitproposedthatthecivicholidayshouldhonourthenewQueen,ElizabethII."Itwouldbea '!% fineandgraciousthingtomakeitElizabethDay,infactorinpracticeorinboth."       '   54         TheGlobeandMailalsocomplainedoccasionallyaboutanotherattackuponBritish  traditionwhichgrippedParliamentintheSpringof1946,atthesametimeasthenewcitizenshipbillwasbeingdebated.Thiswasthereplacementofthephrase'DominionDay'by'CanadaDay,'whichhadbeentheobjectofBill8,introducedinMarchandadoptedbytheHouseofCommonsinearlyApril.ThebillwasamendedbytheSenateandnevercamebackfordiscussionbytheHouse.ButtheGlobeandMailsawinitanotherindicationthat   membersofthegoverningpartyinOttawawerebentoneliminatingallsymbolsoftheBritishtraditioninCanada.      UKCE.,  US.,UK.,CEUS.,8  ThisnewspaperhasfrequentlydeclaredthatitfavorsastrongCanadianconsciousness.ItwouldfavortheabandonmentofallhyphenateddistinctionsbetweenCanadiansofdifferentnationalorigins.ItfavorsarecognizedCanadiancitizenship.Itfailstosee,however,howanyofthesethingsishinderedbythefactthatthiscountryisknownasTheDominionofCanada.Howridiculoustothinkofthathonorableandhistoricphraseasanoutmodedconnotationofcolonialism!    8   % Anationwithoutapastisananomaly.Itisasimperfectanentityasapersonwhohaslosthismemory.Toattemptadeliberateerasureofhistoricalfactistoinjure,notaugment,nationalconsciousness....ThereismorethanathreadofconnectionbetweenthisstrangebillandtheclauseintheCanadianCitizenshipBill,whichwouldforceBritishsubjectsfromotherpartsoftheworldtogothroughthesameformofnaturalizationwhichpeopleofnonBritishnationalityarerequiredtoaccept.Thephilosophybehindthetwoisthesame.ItwillbeasorrydayforCanadianswhenlegitimateandworthynationalprideturnsintoaspeciesofracialarrogance,whichlaysaboutitwithhatredorcontempt,foralloutsideourborders.WhetherJuly1iscalledDominionDay,orCanadaDay,isinitselfofnogreatmoment.Whatissignificantisthespiritwhichdemandsthechange.priCE.,CE.,            K '   55     &!$   priUSCE.,      US.,US.,CEUS.,    Afewdayslater,itreprintedavirulentfrontpageeditorialfromSaturdayNight: )#'       UKCE.,  US.,UK.,=CEUS.,8  HavethemembersofParliamentnosenseatalloftheinstinctiveclingingtotheoldandtraditionalwhichistheessenceofthecommonmansfeelingsaboutholidays?....Dotheythinkthat11,000,000inhabitantsofCanadaarewillingtohandovertoMr.PhileasC=tofMatapediaMatane[thesponsorofthebillintheHouseofCommons]therighttorenameallthecherisheddaysofobservancethattheirancestorsestablishedandtheythemselveshavemarkedfromchildhoodup?    8   % ThereisnosensetotheproposaltocallJulytheFirstCanadaDayinsteadofDominionDay.Thatdatein1867wasnotthebeginningofCanada,whichexistedonJune30ofthesameyearandhadexistedforcenturiesbeforethat....Theholidayisthecelebrationofanevent.TheeventwastheestablishingoftheDominion.TheholidayisandmustremainDominionDay.surCE.,CE.,             '   56         surUSCE.,      US.,US.,SCEUS.,    TheGlobeandMailrepeateditsdefenseof'DominionDay'on1July1948and   againon1July1954:      UKCE.,  US.,UK.,sCEUS.,8  Fewerthantwentyyearsago,Canada'sleadersweregoingthroughallsortsofcontortionstominimizeourBritishconnection.Theyfelt"why,onecannotguess"thattherewassomethingvaguelyshamefulaboutit.Thewar,andeventssincethewar,broughtmuchofthatsillinesstoanend.Butwidestreaksofitremain;forexample,officialOttawa'sfearandhatredofthefineword"Dominion".    8  Canadians,totheircredit,donotsharethatfearandhatred.Tothevastmajorityofthem,thisistheDominionofCanada,andtodayisDominionDay;andneitherofthemwilleverbeanythingelse.Tothevastmajorityofthem,aswell,thereisreasonforquietsatisfactionintheiruniquerelationshipwiththetwogreatEnglishspeakingnations"bridge,link,interpreter,whateveronemaycallit.    -surCE.,CE.,          AsubsidiarythemeoftheVictoriaDayeditorialswastheroleofCanadainthecreationoftheCommonwealth.TheadventofresponsiblegovernmentunderQueenVictoriawaspresentedastheharbingeroftheCommonwealth."TheVictorianera8broughtforththemostinspiredpoliticalideawhichmenhaveyetevolved;representativeselfgovernment )#' underasingleCrown,foundingthemostsuccessfulcomityofnationsinhistory.ForCanadiansthatinventionhasspecialsignificance,asitwasherethatitsdetailswerefirstputintoeffect."       '   57     Itreiteratedthisideathenextyearandcamebacktoitin1957.      K '   58      |    DominionDayeditorialswereusuallyconcernedwiththeuncompletednatureoftheCanadiannation.Thenationwasstilldividedregionallyandethnically('racially'wasthemoreusualphrase),buttheprocessofunificationwasunderway."Thelanditself,workingonthecharacterofthepeoplewhohavesettledit,"itwroteon1July1946,"hascreateditsownvalues,makinganewpeoplewhoaredistinctlyCanadian.Thedifferentregionshaveeachcontributedtheirownoutlookandemphasis,thewholeevolvingfromgenerationtogenerationintothenationthathasyettobe."       '   59     Thetonewasslightlylesssanguinethe Ht followingyear,whenthepaperremarkedthat"[t]ruenationalunityisnotyetours,howeverwemaytrytoglossoverthefundamentaldifferencesthatdivideusintoprovincialandracialcampsondomesticissues,"       '   60     butinsuccessiveyearstheoutlookappearedmorepositiveto  thepaper'seditorialwriters.In1948,theywroteonDominionDaythat"[c]ompleteunityisnothereyet8buttherearehopefulsignsthatitisdeveloping."Threeyearslaterthepaperwashopefulprogresswasbeingmade:"Wehaveapopulationdrawnfromthebestofhumanstrains,graduallybeingwovenintoastrong,unitedpeople.Suchaheritageshouldmoveourheartswithpride."      ݀| '   61            $"   Arelatedargument,whichJohnDiefenbakerwouldlatermakehishobbyhorse,was & $ thathyphenatedformsofCanadianismpreventedthenationfromattainingfullness.ThiswassometimesaimedatimmigrantCanadianswhosoughttopreservetheirethnicidentity,butitreferredmainly,thoughrarelyexplicitly,toFrenchCanadians.YettheGlobedidnotraise |  thisissuedirectlyinitsDominionDayeditorials.BesidesthecondemnationofhyphenatedCanadianismalreadycitedinthediscussionoftheappellationof'DominionDay,'thephraseonlycameupinacommentaryuponthecomingintoforceofthenewCitizenshipActinJanuary1947,whichwassaidto"8helptoeliminatethehyphenateddistinctionswhichmarkoffsomeCanadiansfromothers."  DuringthefifteenyearswhichfollowedWorldWarII,theGlobeandMailstoodfor  thedefenseofCanada'sBritishheritage.Thiswasseenasthenoblestpoliticalandculturalheritageanationcouldhave.TheCommonwealthbondwasabondofallegiancetoacommonidealoffreedomandhighmoralstandards."[T]heactive,guidingprincipleintheCommonwealthhasbeenthespreadoflibertyandhappiness,"itwroteon24May1949.       '   62       Thiswasthetrue,'unhyphenated'natureofCanada.AttacksonsymbolsofCanada'sBritishheritage,suchasthetransformationofVictoriaDayintoa'DayOff,'orthereplacementof'DominionDay'by'CanadaDay,'wereattacksuponthehistoricalnatureofthecountry,andthreatenedits'unity.'Withinthisunitedcountrytherewassomeroomfor'biracialism,'butthiswasonlyoncealludedtoinDominionDayeditorials.ClearlythisaspectofCanadianidentitywassecondary,oratleastitdidnotseemtorequireeditorialcomment.Instead,itwashopedthat'racial'differenceswouldfadeaway,anditwasclearlyexpectedthatthisprocesswouldmeantheadoptionofBritishvaluesbythewholeofthepopulation. |*$(   Maclean's,anotherCanadianpublicationwithaclaimofnationalcirculation,  providescontrastingviewsfromthoseoftheGlobeandMail.Isystematicallyexaminedits  editorialpagesandhavepaidattentiontocolumns,guesteditorials,opinionpiecesandarticleswhichofferedrepresentationsofCanadianidentity.Overall,themagazineofferedviewsthatweremore'Canadian'andless'British'thanthoseoftheGlobeandMailor,put < h anotherway,more'Liberal'andless'Conservative.'MuchmoreoftenthantheGlobeand H  Mail,itaffirmedthe'biracial'characterofCanada.On1October1948,aneditorialentitled (  "TwoWindowsontheWorld"remindedCanadiansthatthecountrywasfortunatetohavetwolanguages.ArthurIrwin,Maclean'sretiringeditor,toldanAmericanaudienceinearly  1950thatCanadawas"8bornofcompromisebetweentworaces,twolanguages,twocultures.Inevitablyhehashadtolearnthattherearealwaystwosidestoacase.8Culturally,his[theCanadians]hasbeenthetaskoftryingtospanthegapbetweentheLatinandtheAngloSaxon,betweenmedievalismandmodernmaterialism,CatholicismandProtestantism."       '   63          UnderRalphAllen,Irwin'ssuccessor,Maclean'scontinuedtoexpresssimilarviews  onthebiracialnatureofthecountry.InMarch1950,aneditorialsuggestedthattheCBCbroadcastFrenchlessonsontheEnglishnetworkandEnglishlessonsontheFrenchnetwork,since"[b]othbylawandbytradition,Canadaisabilingualcountry.8Moreandmoreofusarecomingtorecognizethepositiveaspectsofourbilingualism."YetthelackofsecondlanguageskillsamongCanadiansmeantthat,"[t]oaconsiderabledegree,ourtwogreat (#& ethnicgroupsarephysicallyandintellectuallyapart."       '   64     OnDominionDay,1950,the  magazinereflectedonthe"miracle"ofConfederation:"8fourcolonies,fiveregions,twomajorraces,allwithaheritageofcontemptandhatredforoneanother,yetallweldedintoanationwithinonelonglifetime."Herethe'biracial'characterofCanadawasjoinedtoitspoliticalandregionalfragmentationasanoriginalhindrancetounity,butthesehindranceshadbeenovercome.      K '   65     Fiveyearslater,onthesameoccasion,itproposedrenaming $  'DominionDay''ConfederationDay,'sincetheterm'Dominion'hadnoFrenchtranslation."Indeed,itisnottoomuchtosaythattheuseof'DominionDay'isastandinginsult,nolessoffensiveforbeinginadvertent,tomorethanonethirdofallCanadians."       '   66     InFebruary1959, t itcommentedontheHeeneyreportonthefederalcivilservice,       '   67     whichhadrecommended Ht thatcivilservantswhodealwiththepublicberequiredtobebilingualinthosepartsofthecountrywheretherewasasubstantiallinguisticminority.ItrecognizedthatEnglishspeakingminoritieshadnodifficultyobtainingfederalservicesintheirownlanguage,"butthousandsofFrenchCanadiansdealintheirownlocalitywithcivilservantswhospeaknoFrench."Itdidnotflinchatthefactthat"[i]npractice,a'bilingualstaff'wouldmeanaFrenchCanadianstaff."      UKCE.,  US.,UK.,CEUS.,8  ThesuggestedchangewouldgiveFrenchspeakingCanadiansagreatandoftendecisiveadvantageingettingemploymentandpromotioninmanybranchesofthecivilservicewheretheEnglishspeakingnowpredominate....itisthefaultofoureducationinEnglishCanada,andthemeritoftheFrench,thatwecanspeakonlyonelanguageandtheycanspeaktwo.Perhapsthey & $ oughttogetthebenefitoftheirsuperiority.Maybeiftheydid,therewouldbelessneglectoflanguageinEnglishCanadianschools. CE.,CE.,             '   68         USCE.,      US.,US.,CEUS.,    Thusthemagazinewasreadytoaccepttheimplicationsofthe'biracial'natureofCanadaandrecognizedthedefactoinequalitybetweenthetwomainlanguagegroups.It P | offereditsowncontributiontoimprovingunderstandingbetweenthetwolanguagegroupsbypublishingaspecialissueonQuebecinMay1959.Theeditorialwhichintroducedtheissueconfrontedtheconflictingclaimsofheritageandharmonybetweenthetwolanguagegroups:      UKCE.,  US.,UK.,CEUS.,8  Wedonotinfactgetonverywellwitheachother,weCanadians.Ourparliamenthasfoundthatitcannotevendiscusssuchmattersasanationalflagoranationalanthembecauseanydebaterousesthesleepingdogsofprejudice....Weneedaproperknowledgeofandrespectforourpastbutwealsoneedmoreknowledgeofeachotheraswereallyarehereandnow.Thisknowledgewillconfrontbothofuswithsomefactswefinddistasteful,otherswemayfindastonishing,butatleastitwillgiveusafoundationonwhichtobuildabetterunderstanding.It'sthepurposeandthehopeofthisissueofMaclean'stocontributetoit. CE.,CE.,            K '   69     (    USCE.,      US.,US., CEUS.,    EditorialpositionsalsotranspiredinMaclean'schoiceofstories.Sometimesthe  'biracial'characterofCanadawasseenasanobstacleto'nationalunity.'In1946theHonorableMalcolmMacDonald,attheendofhistermasBritishHighCommissionertoCanada,consideredthatthereweretwomajordangersfacingCanada:thefirstonewas"8anyseriousquarrelbetweentheFrenchspeakingandtheEnglishspeakingCanadians,"whilethesecondwasabreakbetweenGreatBritainandtheU.S.,whichwouldsplitCanadiansaccordingtotheirpreferredaffinities.       '   70     Laterinthesameyear,inanarticledescribinghow '!% CanadiansdifferedfromAmericans,HughMcLennanwrotethat"atthepresentitishardtoseehowCanadacanbecomeuniform,withtheProvinceofQuebecinitsheart."In1948,historianArthurLowercomplainedaboutthequalityofCanadianeducation,offeringasexamplethewayFrenchwasbeingtaught."IhastentoadmitthatifFrenchweretakenseriouslyandtaughtasthelanguageofourfellowcountrymen,thousandsofzealotsinEnglishspeakingCanadawouldriseupanddemandtheheadsofthosewhowerebetrayingtheEnglishspeakingrace."       '   71          Moreoften,however,articlesinMaclean'spresentedthe'biracial'orbicultural   characterofCanadaasvaluableandinneedofpromotion.In"AQuebeckerSpeaksOut,"ReneVauteletarguedforcommonhistorytextbookstofostermutualunderstanding.Forher,citizenshipwas"biracial."Shewasconcerned,however,"8overEnglishCanada'sstillunresolveddivisionofloyalties8"andoverProtestantextremistswhoattackedtheCatholichalfoftheCanadianpopulation.      K '   72     InaphotographicessayonMontrealin1953,Yosuf  Karsh"8didnotseeMontrealasacitysplitintotworacialcompartments.Hefounditanamicableifworldlytownwheretworacesdovetailneatlytogetherandwhere,iftheinclinationsofthefleshareindulged,theneedsoftheheartandofthespiritareneverneglected."InastoryaboutLouisSt.Laurentin1956,BruceHutchisonwrote:"...thesupremedutyofanyprimeministeristounitethetwogreatCanadianraces."LaterinthesamearticleHutchisonrevealedhisfascinationwithFrenchCanadians."IdonotpretendtounderstandmyFrenchspeakingcompatriots.ButatleastIknowthemtobeapeopleof ("& peculiargreatness,withmanyqualitiesthatwelack,apeopleofprofoundinnerstrength,alovable,kindlypeopleandanessentialingredientofthethingwecallCanadianism."      ݀ '   73     ]#dopt          Twoyearslater,inapieceentitled"TheGodsCanadiansWorship,"ArthurLowerhopedthat"[i]fthosewhospeakEnglishinCanadaanddonotfindOCanadasubversivecouldlinkupwiththosewhospeakFrenchandjointoOCanadathewordsTerredenos $ P a5eux,theremightthenbesomefutureforthecommoncountry."Lowerwishedforless 0  bigotryonbothsidesofthelinguisticdivide:      UKCE.,  US.,UK.,"CEUS.,8  8hereisacountryoftwopeoples,twowaysoflife,twocultures.Thatfactalonegivesitanydistinctionitmighthappentopossess.Thetwohavelivedtogetherfornearlytwocenturies,neverintimatelyandnotoftenhappily,butwithoutflyingateachother'sthroats.Thatinitselfisnomeanϐaccomplishment,onetowhichtherearenotmanyparallelselsewhereintheworld.Theycouldpowerfullyreinforceeachother"ifthemoreextremeamongtheFrenchcouldabandontheirtouchinessandtheirlackofinterestineverythingoutsidethemselves,andifthemoreextremeamongtheEnglishtheirabsurdarrogance(whathavetheytobearrogantabout?SecondhandAmericancars?),theirsillynotionsofracialsuperiorityandtheirnarrowintolerance./* CE.,CE.,            K '   74         USCE.,      US.,US.,*CEUS.,    In1959,BruceHutchisonvisitedQuebectoresearchapieceentitled"TheUnconquerableFrenchCanadian."Atthebeginningofthearticleheexpressedhisfaithinthe'biracial'characterofCanada."Noonebutthedualnationofthefuturehadwonthebattle[ofthePlainsofAbraham].Andinitsunconquerablebutstillimperfectdualitythenationmustnowreassess,fromtoptobottom,themarriageofthetworaces."ThearticlewasaperceptiveaccountofchangeswithinFrenchCanadiansocietywhichwoulderuptintheQuietRevolutionthefollowingyear.Itsconclusionstressedthepositivecontributionthat )#' 'biracialism'hadbeenforCanada:      UKCE.,  US.,UK.,0/CEUS.,8  Withoutthem[theFrenchCanadians]Canadawouldbeadullernation,andperhapsitcouldnothavesurvivedasanationatallagainstthecontinentalconformity.Atanyrate,withoutthemwewouldhavemissedourchanceofuniqueachievement,ouronlygreatcontributiontotheworldaworkabledualityoftwodistinctpeoples,bothCanadian,ademonstrationofbiraciallivinginaracetornage.    8   % Apartfromanythingelse,thatachievementhasjustifiedourhistorysincetheconquestnotofarace,regionornationalitybutofourselvesjointly.Anditsproduct,emergingonlyinourtime,isanewandtruenationality.    2 CE.,CE.,          Hutchison'sviewofFrenchCanadianswascolouredbyaconceptof'race'thatwasamixtureofculturalandphysicalcharacteristics.PeopleinQuebecCity"8don'tlookFrenchCanadiananymore;theylookCanadianandindistinguishable(untilyouheartheirvoices)fromanyothersinthenation."ThusaCanadianphysicaltypewasemerging.Yethewondered,"8asIhadwonderedsooftenbefore,[whyitwas]thattheplainestFrenchCanadiangirlalwaysmanagestolookprettyinspiteofnature?Because,Isuppose,shehasaracialvitality,afeminineinstinct,strongerthanours."       '   75     'Vitality'stillkeptthe'races'different.    Bothinitseditorialwritingandinthearticlesitpublished,Maclean'sofferedits  readersarepresentationofCanadianidentityfoundedonapositiveassessmentofits'biracial'nature.ItshowedgoodwilltowardsQuebec,inspiteofthedespicablepoliticsofitsPremier,MauriceDuplessis,andchidedthoseCanadianswhoputallegiancetoBritishtradition!ortoanarrowQuebecnationalism!aheadoftheneedfor'biracial'harmonywithinthecountry.Buttheotherrepresentationsitalsooffered!theuncompletednation,thenationsteepedinBritishpoliticaltradition!weresimilartothenexusofrepresentations )#' offeredbytheGlobeandMail,thoughwithdifferentvalences.    LiketheGlobeandMail,Maclean'soccasionallytookupthethemeofthe  uncompletednationinDominionDayeditorials.On1July1948,itnotedthatCanadianpatriotism"8hasbeenaplantofslowgrowth.Evennow,after81DominionDays,itisalongwayfromrobustmaturity.8Asapeoplewehadtobeledtoaccepttheideaofnationhood."Yettheeditorialendedonamorepositivenote,reflectingthat"...thisscatteredanddividedpeoplehasmadeitselfintoanationwithitsownidealsanditsowndeterminations."       '   76     ItreiteratedthesameideaforthenextDominionDaycelebration,in1949,   exhortingCanadianstobe"8OptimistsonCanada'sBirthday,"sincetheybelongtoanation"8whosenewstrengthandnewmaturityareonlyhalfrealizedevenbyherownsons."      K '   77     In ` 1950,itsawtheworkof'nationbuilding'ashavingbeenachievedinthe84yearssinceConfederation.       '   78      4   In1955newincidentsrevealedthefragilityofnationalunity.TheCPRwascalledupontoforgothename'RoyalCanadian'foritsnewtranscontinentaltrainbecausesomeconsidereditanimproper,commercialuseoftheadjective'Royal.'"Tohearsomecommentsyou'dthinkthewholethingasaconspiracytobring'creepingrepublicanism'toCanadalittleshortoftreason,asinisterplottounderminetheThrone."Symbolicissuessuchastheflagandthenationalanthemwerestillunresolved,andstillcausingdifficulty:"Aflagisasymbolofnationalunity,oritisnothing;tousithasbecomeasymbolofdisunity.8MaybethetimewillcomewhenCanadacanhaveaflag,andanationalanthem,andanamethatwecanall ("& agreeupon.Whenthattimecomes,we'llknowwedon'treallyneedanyofthosethingsweshallhavegrownup,atlast,withoutthem."Theothernationalrailway,theCNR,wasnothelpingnationalunity:itspresident,DonaldGordon,wasinsistinginnamingtheCNR'snewMontrealhoteltheQueenElizabethratherthanCh teauMaisonneuve."TheargumentforCh teauMaisonneuvearesocompellingthatitseemsincredibletheydidnotprevailinthebeginning."       '   79      $    Maclean'seditorialdepictionofCanada'slinkswiththeGreatBritainwasmore   nuancedthantheGlobe's.Itofferedapositive,butnotuncriticalviewoftheCommonwealth.   In1950,itregrettedthelossof"thespiritandthesubstanceofacommunity"withintheCommonwealth,becausetheCommonwealthwastheonesupranationalcommunitythatwasworking.In1953,itcalledtheCommonwealth"TheWorld'sGreatestAsset,"sinceithad,amongotherthings,"8saveditsmembernationsfromdefeatintwoworldwars."       '   80      4 Maclean'skeptitsreadersinformedonBritishcurrenteventsbypublishingineachissue  BeverleyBaxter's"LondonLetter,"whichofferedthepointofviewofanexpatriateCanadianwhohadbecomeaConservativememberoftheHouseofLords.ThecolumnendedinJuly1960after25years.      | '   81      d!   TheeditorsdidnotshyawayfromoccasionalcritiquesofGreatBritain.TheydenouncedBritishinterventioninSuezin1956,callingit"8actofcallousnessanddangerousfollysuchasBritainhasnotembarkedoninhalfacentury."      7 '   82     TheSuezcrisishad & !$ awrenchingeffectinternallyinCanadaaswell,commentedBruceHutchisoninApril1957.SomeconsideredthatithaddestroyedGreatBritain'sreputationasagreatnation.Hutchisonbelievedthat"8fewthingsmoreimportantthanSuezhaveeverhappenedtousinmorethanthreecenturies.8Thefirstconsequencewastosplitthenationinwardly,asithasseldombeensplit,betweenourpracticalpositionasaNorthAmericannationandourinheritedinstinctsasachildofEurope."       '   83      $    TheroleoftheCrownassymbolofallegiancewasviewedpositively,butagaininanuancedfashion.In1954,itlamentedthemisuseoftoaststotheQueenandofthesingingof'GodSavetheQueen'atbanquets."ThisisapitybecausetheCrownstillmeansagooddealtomostofthepeoplewholivewithinitsorbit.Toomuch,infact,tobesystematicallydegradedbyroutineandmeaninglessgestures.LetssavetheQueensnameforoccasionswhenitstirstheblood,notmerelyrousesanaudiencetorealizethatthetimehascometogohomeortolightupacigarette."Itapprovedofroyaltours,andgavethemextensivecoverage,       '   84     butregrettedthatsomechampionsofthemonarchyhadnotoleranceforpeople  whodisagreedwiththem.OntheoccasionoftheQueen's1959visit,itremarked:"ThereisnothinginCanada'sconstitutionorinournatureasafreeassemblyofhumanbeingsthatcompelsallgoodCanadianstothinkalikeonanysubject,includingthemonarchyandroyal visits.Inourviewtheonlyreallyregrettableaspectofthelatestvisitisthatfartoomanyofus $" forgotmomentarilythatwearenotonlyamonarchy,butademocracy."       '   85          InitsarticlesMaclean'scouldrevealthequizzicalaspectsoftheEnglishCanadian  rapportwiththemonarchy.AlongarticleontheImperialOrderoftheDaughtersoftheEmpire,in1952,recalledtheIODE'svirulentattachmenttoBritishinstitutions,asmanifestedinitsoppositiontothenominationofaCanadianasGovernorGeneral"...onthegroundsthatthishintedataninsidiousanddeterminedplantowardsthegradualemergenceofarepublicanstate.TheIODEvociferouslyattackedthedecisiontodiscardthePrivyCouncilinLondonasthefinalcourtofCanadianappeal;cried"No!"tothecreationofRoyalCanadianCorpsofInfantryinplaceoftheoldregimentalorderofbattle;denouncedtheDefenseDepartmentfordiscouragingRuleBritanniaastheRCNsong;howleddowntheproposaltoerase"RoyalMail"frompostaltrucks,andthrewuptheirhandsinhorroratthedroppingoftheword"Dominion"fromCanadianstatutes."       '   86     Yetthefollowingyear,Blair ( FraserreportedthatCanadahaddifficultyinfillingitsallottednumberofseatsinWestminsterAbbeyfortheQueen'scoronation."AustraliahasfewerpeoplethanCanada,butmoreAustraliansthanCanadianswantedtocometotheCoronation."       '   87      x   Towardstheendofthe1950s,Maclean'salsodrewattentiontotheethical L!x componentofCanadianidentity.BruceHutchisongrewapprehensiveatthegrowingmaterialismofthecountry,anditsdecliningsenseofcompassion.DuringtheSuezandHungarycrisesof1956,"8thevoiceofpoliticsdrownedoutthevoiceofcompassion"in &!$ Canada.Fortunately,"8theCanadianpeoplearefarmoreintelligent,moregenerousandaltogetherbetterthantheylookatpresent."      ݀ '   88     Ulang      ݀Theeditorialpagetookupthethemelaterin  1957inapiecefavouringgreaterimmigrationintothecountry.      UKCE.,  US.,UK.,|2CEUS.,8  WithinthiscenturyCanadahasbecomeoneoftheworld'smajoreconomicforcesaswellasamajorpoliticalforce.Wecan,ifwewish,becomesomethingindescribablygreaterthaneitherofthese.Wecanbecomeamoralforceofthefirstdimension.Wecanshowthatgoodwillanddecencytowardone'sneighbors,howeverna5veandoutoffashiontheymayhavecometoseem,arestillgoodfieldsforexperiment.'`iesCE.,CE.,              '   89         iesUSCE.,      US.,US.,`CEUS.,    TheethicalconceptofthecountryinasensegroundedalltheotherrepresentationsofCanadawhichmaybefoundinthepagesofthemagazine.ThepositiveattitudetowardsFrenchCanada,thedesiretokeepCanadadistinctfromtheUnitedStates,theroledefinedforCanadaontheinternationalstagewereallbasedonthevirtuesoftolerance,justice,andcompassion.ThesewerethetraitsthatmadeCanadaadecentnation.Maclean'sansweredin  aneditorialon1July1952aninquirybyaGermanconsideringemigratingtoCanadaandwishingtolearnwhattheCanadiancharacterwas."JudgeusasCanadians,ifyouwill.Butjudgeusfirstashumanbeings,intheclearunderstandingthatweliveundernospeciallawwhichtransmitsallthevirtuesandfaultsinresidenceheretosomemonolithiccreatureofthegodscalledTheCanadian....forwearesoproudandfortunatetobeCanadiansthattherearesomeamonguswhoneedremindingthatthereisnowayofbeingagoodCanadianwithoutbeingagoodhumanbeing."        '   90      & $   YetMaclean's,liketheGlobeandMail,offeredanethnicbasedrepresentationof  Canadianidentity.ThefundamentaldifferencebetweenthetwopublicationswasthatMaclean'sdidnotclaimorimplythatoneofthetwomainCanadian'race'wassuperiorto   theother.Inneitherpublicationcouldonefindanysustainedexpositionoftheconceptof'civic'nationalismasitisunderstoodtoday. m&        CFCE.,   US.,CF,.cCEUS.,0    4.  Conclusion Ok xm O"O" jies CE.,CE.,    'j    EthnicitywasatthecoreofmostoftherepresentationsofCanadianidentityin   EnglishspeakingCanadathatwereexaminedinthispaper.TherewereofcoursedisagreementswithintheEnglishlanguagecommunicationalcommunityontheemphasistobeputontheBritishcharacterofthecountryandsomestrenuousresistance,insomequarters,toerasingthesymbolsoftheBritishconnection.Butthiswasamatterofdegree,notaprofounddisagreementastothenatureofthecountry.ThismakesthevirtualabandonmentoftheBritishtraditioninthe1960sallthemoresurprising.Someobserverssawthiscominginthe1950sandsquarelyblamedtheLiberalgovernmentinOttawaforitsdeliberaterenunciationofCanada'sBritishheritage.        '   91      x     Thisconclusionis,ofcourse,tentative.Theinquiryneedstobeextendedinatleasttwodirections.First,workonthe1950sneedstobeexpanded.Amuchlargersampleofnewspaperandmagazineopinionhastobecollected.TheactualroleoftheLiberalgovernmentinremovingtheBritishconnectionfromthesymbolicuniverseofthecountryhastobeinvestigated.Othersourcesofsymbolicidentification,suchasschooltextbooks, )#& alsorequireexamination.Second,attentionneedstobefocusedonthespeedwithwhichnationalsymbolswerebeingrefashionedinthe1960s.Inquiriessimilartothosethatwillbearonthe1950swillhavetobeconductedforthiscrucialdecade.  Finally,fromtheconceptualpointofview,wecanappreciatetheusefulnessofTilly'scharacterizationofpublicidentities.Eachstatement,eachrepresentationofidentityneedstobecarefullysituatedinitscontext,relational,cultural,historicalandcontingent.WecanthenmoveawayfromarguingabouttheCanadianidentityandacceptrepresentationsofnational   identityasalegitimateobjectofhistoricalinquiry.US.,CE.,%kCF,.US.,  US.,CF,.t